Forecast Discussions mentioning any of
"HRRR" "RAP" "RUC13" "RUC" "RR" received at GSD on 02/16/24
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Boston/Norton MA
948 PM EST Thu Feb 15 2024
.SYNOPSIS...
High pressure shifts away this afternoon ahead of a clipper system
that will bring minor accumulations of snow tonight, especially
north of the Mass Pike. Very gusty NW winds behind the clipper
system Friday. Coastal low pressure system tacks south of the region
on Saturday, but could produce a few snow showers, mainly for the
Islands and immediate south coast. Cooler than normal temperatures
for both Saturday and Sunday. Dry and seasonable Monday and Tuesday
with the potential of more mild weather come midweek.
&&
.NEAR TERM /THROUGH FRIDAY/...
945 PM update...
Narrow band of heavier snow racing across eastern MA. RAP snow
growth omega is resolving this band fairly well and moves the
stronger omega offshore by 11 pm. A few snow showers will
briefly linger across northern MA, otherwise mainly dry
conditions after midnight. The exception is across the northern
Berkshires where some lake effect snow showers may spill into
the region.
The story then pivots to wind Friday morning as southwesterly
winds quickly shift to the NW and cold advection kicks in. This
will mean a very well mixed boundary layer up to near 850 mb,
able to tap into a 50-60 kt LLJ. BUFKIT forecast soundings
indicate a very well mixed boundary layer and steep low level
lapse rates which would support wind gusts as high as 45-55+mph.
Any wind gusts of this magnitude would be in a short window,
generally from 5am to 10am, longer in the Berkshires. The Wind
Advisory has been expanded into northern CT and further east in
MA. Friday will be sunny, cold, and blustery. The low slowly
exits east but the pressure gradient is slow to weaken so winds
will be gusting 25 to 35 mph all day. This will make highs in
the upper 30s feel more like the upper 20s.
&&
.SHORT TERM /TONIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY/...
Quiet Friday night as high pressure approaches from the west. The
pressure gradient continues to slacken allowing winds to become
light. The colder NW flow will bring lows several degrees colder
than the previous night, in the low to mid 20s.
&&
.LONG TERM /SATURDAY NIGHT THROUGH WEDNESDAY/...
Highlights
* Low chance for snow showers Saturday afternoon/evening
* Mainly dry Sunday through Wednesday with warming temperatures
* Gusty WSW winds Sunday and Monday, with gusts of 20-30mph
Saturday
A weak low exits out of the Ohio River Valley late Friday into early
Saturday then Passes well off shore to the south Saturday afternoon.
Guidance continues to trend this low further south resulting in the
majority of the QPF being off shore. It will be cold enough for any
precipitation that falls Saturday to fall as snow, however snow
accumulations at this time look unlikely with dry air near the
surface and weak forcing aloft. Highs Saturday top in the mid to
upper 30s.
Sunday and Monday
Drier with more sun on Sunday as a weak mid level ridge passes to
the north. Another weak clipper system passes to the north late
Sunday into early Monday, but the lack of moisture and forcing in
southern New England will keep any snow it produces to the north.
This clipper system will bring another prolonged period of gusty
winds due to a strong pressure gradient. Winds begin to ramp up
Sunday morning gusting out of the WSW at 20-30mph and remain
elevated through Monday afternoon. BUFKIT soundings show mixing is
possible up to 700mb, but winds aloft are only 35-45mph, thus
limiting gust potential below the wind advisory threshold of 46mph.
This is highlighted well with the NBM probs for gusts greater then
46mph at 0-10% region wide. Highs Sunday remain in the mid to upper
30s, but temps begin to warm Monday with highs in upper 30s to low
40s.
Tuesday & Wednesday
A 1030mb high pressure builds in and parks itself over the region by
Tuesday afternoon leading to a stretch of dry and sunny conditions
to start the week. High temps both days could over achieve guidance
with WSW winds and mainly sunny skies. Used a blend of MOS and bias
corrected guidance from the GFS and EURO to bump temperatures up.
This brings highs into low to mid 40s both days. Winds both days
will be light at 5-10mph with a weak pressure gradient due to the
high overhead.
Thursday and beyond
Forecast confidence breaks down significantly as model guidance
hints on a short wave approaching the region Thursday then possibly
again Friday or Saturday. There is still significant timing and
amplitude differences between the model sources at this time.
&&
.AVIATION /03Z FRIDAY THROUGH TUESDAY/...
Forecast Confidence Levels:
Low - less than 30 percent.
Moderate - 30 to 60 percent.
High - greater than 60 percent.
00z TAF Update:
Tonight into Friday...Moderate confidence.
VFR lowering to IFR/LIFR from 01-05z from west to east in light
to moderate snow. Accums 1-3 inches possible north of the MA
Pike. By 06-08Z snow exits east. VFR thereafter. Strong NW winds
develop 06-09z with gust 35-45 kt through Fri morning, possible
50 kt gusts over the interior high terrain. Winds slowly
diminishing in the afternoon.
KBOS TAF...High confidence in TAF. VFR deteriorating to IFR
after 02z tonight as snow develops. Heaviest snow should fall
between 03-05z with only snow showers until 06z followed by
improving conditions to VFR. Diminishing winds today becoming
southerly late today.
KBDL TAF...High confidence in TAF. VFR deteriorating to IFR
after 00z tonight as snow develops. Snow ending by 05z followed
by improving conditions to VFR.
Outlook /Saturday Night through Monday/...
Saturday: VFR. Breezy. Chance SN.
Saturday Night: VFR. Breezy. Slight chance SN.
Sunday: VFR. Windy with gusts up to 30 kt.
Sunday Night through Washingtons Birthday: VFR. Windy with
gusts up to 35 kt.
Monday Night through Tuesday: VFR. Breezy.
&&
.MARINE...
Forecaster Confidence Levels:
Low - less than 30 percent.
Medium - 30 to 60 percent.
High - greater than 60 percent.
This evening through Friday night...High confidence.
Light winds today as high pres moves across the waters, then
another round of NW gales late tonight into Friday behind the
departing low pres. Gusts 40-50 kt peaking late tonight into
Friday morning with a low risk for storm force gusts over south
coastal waters. Seas increase to 6-12 ft Friday morning. Winds
gradually diminish Fri afternoon and become light Friday night
with seas becoming 3-6 ft.
Outlook /Saturday Night through Monday/...
Saturday: Winds less than 25 kt. Chance of snow. Areas of
visibility 1 to 3 nm.
Saturday Night: Low risk for Small Craft Advisory winds with
local gusts up to 30 kt. Areas of seas approaching 5 ft. Chance
of snow, slight chance of freezing rain.
Sunday: Strong winds with gusts up to 40 kt. Local rough seas.
Sunday Night: Strong winds with gusts up to 40 kt. Areas of
rough seas.
Washingtons Birthday: Low risk for gale force winds with gusts
up to 35 kt. Local rough seas.
Monday Night: Low risk for Small Craft Advisory winds with
gusts up to 25 kt.
Tuesday: Winds less than 25 kt.
&&
.BOX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
CT...Wind Advisory from 1 AM to 1 PM EST Friday for CTZ002.
Wind Advisory from 4 AM to 1 PM EST Friday for CTZ003-004.
MA...Wind Advisory from 1 AM to 1 PM EST Friday for MAZ002-008-009.
Wind Advisory from 4 AM to 1 PM EST Friday for MAZ003>006-
010>012-022>024-026.
RI...Wind Advisory from 4 AM to 1 PM EST Friday for RIZ008.
MARINE...Gale Warning from 4 AM to 1 PM EST Friday for ANZ230-231-236-
250-251-254.
Gale Warning from 1 AM to 1 PM EST Friday for ANZ232>235-237.
Gale Warning from 1 AM to 4 PM EST Friday for ANZ255-256.
&&
$$
SYNOPSIS...BW/KP
NEAR TERM...KJC/BW
SHORT TERM...BW
LONG TERM...KP
AVIATION...BW/KP
MARINE...BW/KP
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Memphis TN
917 PM CST Thu Feb 15 2024
...New UPDATE...
.UPDATE...
Issued at 917 PM CST Thu Feb 15 2024
A weak cold front has pushed south to about a Jonesboro, AR to
Huntingdon, TN line this evening. The front will continue to sag
south eventually stalling near the TN/MS state line. Clouds will
be on the increase tonight as warm air advection increases ahead
of a surface low that will track into the Red River Valley by 12z
Friday. A few showers will develop in the morning in the warm air
advection regime but showers will become more numerous during the
afternoon as the surface low pushes into the area and lift
increases. Scattered thunderstorms are also possible as a
reservoir of instability develops along and south of the stalled
front. The latest HRRR indicates SBCAPES around 1000 J/kg and
0-6km shear values around 60 kts by mid afternoon which point to
perhaps a low end severe (wind/hail) threat developing along and
south of I-40 Friday afternoon into the evening. The CSU machine
learning site has picked up on this and we will continue to
monitor.
&&
.SYNOPSIS...
Issued at 313 PM CST Thu Feb 15 2024
A cold front will move into the Mid-South tonight and then stall
out across the region Friday morning. With little moisture
available at this time, no rain is expected tonight. As low
pressure moves along the front on Friday, rain and a few
thunderstorms are expected to move through the region. The cold
front will move out of the region Friday night bringing much
colder air for Saturday. Temperatures will moderate on Sunday and
return back to above normal levels for Tuesday and Wednesday.
&&
.DISCUSSION...
(This evening through next Wednesday)
Issued at 313 PM CST Thu Feb 15 2024
Skies are sunny across the Mid-South this afternoon with
temperatures in the mid to upper 60s. A cold front extends from
southwest Indiana through north central Arkansas and into extreme
north Texas.
This cold front will move into the Mid-South tonight and then
stall out just south of I-40 by Friday morning. With little
moisture in place, no rain is expected this evening. Temperatures
will remain above normal tonight with lows Friday morning in the
40s to around 50 degrees.
With the front remaining over the region on Friday, low pressure
will develop along the front over southwest Oklahoma and track
east into the Mid-South in the afternoon. Moisture will be on the
increase so as the low approaches the region, rain showers and a
few thunderstorms will across the Mid-South on Friday. Along with
the rain, winds will increase as the low moves into the region.
Winds speeds could approached Wind Advisory criteria over portions
of northeast Arkansas and the Missouri bootheel for late Friday
afternoon and into the early evening hours. Temperatures will
remain warm ahead of the front with highs ranging from the mid 50s
behind the front to around 70 degrees.
As the cold front exits the region Friday night, precipitation
will be ending from north to south. There is a possibility of some
wintry precipitation over extreme northern sections of the Mid-
South Friday evening, but the chance of it is quite small.
Temperatures will be turn colder Friday night with lows Saturday
morning in the mid 20s to mid 30s. High pressure will build into
the central Plains on Saturday bringing dry and cold weather to
the Mid-South.
The surface high will drop south into south Texas on Sunday. Winds
will shift to the southwest bringing milder air into the region
which will moderate temperatures. With high pressure moving east
of the region by Monday, a gradual warming trend will start with
temperatures returning back to normal for Tuesday and Wednesday.
&&
.AVIATION...
(00Z TAFS)
Issued at 612 PM CST Thu Feb 15 2024
VFR conditions are expected to prevail through the rest of the
overnight period into early tomorrow morning. As a cold front
approaches the airspace from the northwest, ceilings will begin to
deteriorate starting at JBR mid morning. Probabilities of IFR
ceilings are highest in northeast AR tomorrow; there looks to be
a fairly tight gradient of IFR to MVFR ceilings between JBR and
MEM. CAMs indicate a few scattered showers starting mid morning,
picking up in coverage and intensity to prevailing -SHRA during
FROPA after 18Z. Forecast soundings support enough of a thunder
potential to warrant a PROB30 for a few hours of -TSRA at MEM late
afternoon to early evening. Winds will start out mostly from the
southeast overnight around 5 kts, picking up to 8-10 kts by mid
morning as the pressure gradient tightens. Post-FROPA, the
pressure gradient will tighten more, further increasing north
winds to 12-15 kts sustained with 20-25 kt gusts behind the front
through the end of the period.
CAD
&&
.MEG WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
AR...None.
MO...None.
MS...Flood Watch through Friday afternoon for MSZ001-007-008-011-012-
020.
TN...None.
&&
$$
PUBLIC FORECAST...SJM
AVIATION...CAD
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Marquette MI
635 PM EST Thu Feb 15 2024
.KEY MESSAGES...
-A Winter Weather Advisory for lake effect snow will be in
effect for the western and northeastern portions of the UP
tonight through Sunday.
-Northwesterly wind lake effect snow belts are ongoing, causing
locally moderate to heavy snowfall and periods of reduced
visibility.
-Nearly continuous lake effect snow chances continue through
Sunday, mainly for NW wind snow belts. LES will be periodically
enhanced by passing disturbances that also shift wind
direction.
-Another multi-day stretch of much above-normal temperatures
increasingly likely for Monday-Wednesday next week.
-Brief dry period early in the week will be followed by another
round of wintry precipitation mid week onward.
&&
.SHORT TERM /THROUGH TONIGHT/...
Issued at 359 PM EST Thu Feb 15 2024
Radar imagery and GOES-16 Day Cloud Phase imagery show that synoptic
snowfall has departed the UP and scattered lake effect showers have
built in for the afternoon. RAP analysis shows a subtle shortwave
passing over the UP this afternoon embedded in a 500mb trough over
far northeast Ontario. Downstream of this trough, a particularly
strong zone of showers had previously moved through the Keweenaw
Peninsula around 16Z, reducing visibility at KCMX to 1/4SM for a
period of time. That zone is over the Baraga/Marquette/Iron County
area as of 19Z and will continue a trek southeast through the
evening. Eventually, CAMs show a more consistent banding structure
of NW LES snow showers continuing through the rest of the day and
overnight. HREF probabilities of 0.25 inches of QPF are maximized
around 20-60% in the terrain of the west half and in bands from Au
Train/Chatham and east. SLRs should be high, near 20:1, as the
inversion heights are near 10 kft and the DGZ is nearly entirely
saturated and 3+kft deep. This brings some areas of the UP quite
close to Winter Weather Advisory criteria, though the coverage of
areas exceeding the criteria is scattered and incongruous and is
leaving the forecaster enervated by low confidence. Given the
satellite signature of bands forming over Lake Superior and the
traversal of this zone of heavier precipitation, will start a Winter
Weather Advisory for much of the eastern UP starting at 00Z. For the
west, will start a WWA slightly later to allow for more time for the
bands of precipitation to build, given the shorter NW fetch of Lake
Superior in the west relative to the east. Additionally, gusty winds
up to 40 mph along the lakeshores is creating an isolated blowing
snow risk, adding to the reductions in visibility caused by the
falling snow.
&&
.LONG TERM /FRIDAY THROUGH THURSDAY/...
Issued at 351 PM EST Thu Feb 15 2024
A multi-day lake effect snow regime continues at least through
Sunday, mainly for the northwest wind snow belts. While LES largely
wraps up Sunday night, some lighter LES may continue through Monday
across the eastern UP. Ensembles continue trending toward a stretch
of much above-normal temperatures for early next week, especially
across the western UP. Record highs/lows for Feb 19-21 range from 44-
56 and 32-40, respectively at WFO MQT so a few more broken records
are possible. A cold front around Thursday brings more seasonable
temperatures and lake effect snow chances late next week.
Starting with tonight, northwesterly LES will be ongoing at 12z Fri
with only minor changes in prevailing wind direction expected
through Saturday morning. However, an upper level trough moves
through during this time-frame, further dropping 850mb temperatures
to near -20C by Friday evening. Several CAMs still advertise
potential for a surface trough or mesolow focusing a brief period of
heavier LES sometime during the day Friday. Simulated reflectivity
also indicates the potential for a dominant band extending from the
tip of the Keweenaw into eastern Alger, northern Schoolcraft, and
possibly Luce counties. HREF ensemble guidance shows snowfall rates
generally around a tenth to quarter inch across the NW wind belts
throughout the western and eastern UP, locally higher in heavier
banding. However, it also highlights a potential (around 20-40%) for
higher snowfall rates around 1in/hr at times Friday through Friday
night.
Now, as for snow totals. Inversion heights increase to as high as 6-
7kft by Friday afternoon, with steep lower level lapse rates and
saturation all the way down to the surface. So, SLRs should be
rather high. Guidance keeps them generally around 20:1. With periods
of heavy QPF, we should be left with several inches of snow by
Saturday morning. The highest amounts would be where we can see some
localized terrain enhancement. For that reason, a Winter Weather
Advisory will go into effect for portions of the western and eastern
UP beginning tonight and continuing through Friday night.
A energetic clipper system approaches the area on Saturday, with
winds backing westerly Saturday morning to perhaps southwesterly
Saturday afternoon/evening ahead of the cold front. This results in
lingering LES lifting northward. However, 850mb temps stay cold
enough for LES as the winds back more southwesterly, suggesting
potential for a more dominant LES band streaming across the Keweenaw
(e.g. Bayfield Bomber). Several deterministic models bring a wave of
WAA-induced snow southeast across the UP Sat aftn/eve, but amounts
appear light if it occurs.
The clipper system`s cold front moves through Saturday night with
northwesterly LES returning by Sunday morning. Depending on the
track of the clipper system there could be a period of lake
enhancement before returning to pure LES for NW wind snow belts by
Sunday evening. The ensemble consensus is for a sub-1000 mb surface
low tracking southeast across Ontario, just east of Lake Superior
suggesting the best potential for lake enhancement is in Ontario.
The duration of post-clipper LES also depends on storm track with a
farther west track allowing the arctic air mass to become more
entrenched across the area as compared to a farther east storm
track. Due to diminishing forecaster confidence, this forecast
package ends high-end LES PoPs during the day on Sunday.
Looking ahead into next week, operational and ensemble model
guidance has trended toward a considerable warm-up early next week
with highs generally ranging in the 30s all week. The warmest days
will be Tuesday and Wednesday; the Grand Ensemble has probabilities
increasing to 20-30% for high temperatures of at least 40F in the
western UP. Large diurnal swings are expected with temperatures
likely falling into the teens and 20s all week. Another low pressure
system moving out of the Plains will touch off our next round of
snow and mixed precipitation midweek. Associated cold front passage
on Thursday should usher in the next more seasonable airmass, with
850mb temperatures falling below -10C and keeping in chances for
lake effect through the end of the week.
&&
.AVIATION /00Z TAFS THROUGH 00Z SATURDAY/...
Issued at 635 PM EST Thu Feb 15 2024
Periodic lake effect snow showers will result in variable flying
conditions across space and time throughout the 00Z TAF period.
Overnight, expect VFR vsby to prevail at IWD/SAW, although brief
MVFR reductions in snow showers cannot be ruled out. Cigs should be
borderline VFR/MVFR. MVFR cigs/vsby are expected to prevail at CMX,
although brief IFR vsbys are possible especially at the start of the
TAF period. Snow showers are expected to be most frequent at CMX
during the daylight hours tomorrow, where IFR vsby is expected to
prevail. At IWD/SAW, MVFR cigs/vsby are expected to prevail, with
periodic IFR vsbys possible in heavier snow showers, especially in
the afternoon at SAW.
&&
.MARINE...
Issued at 351 PM EST Thu Feb 15 2024
NW gales to 35 to 40 knots continue this afternoon behind a cold
front, but will slowly decrease overnight. In addition to gales, we
will continue to see moderate to locally heavy freezing spray return
across the lake tonight through Friday morning. Northwest winds
decrease to around 20-25 kts for Friday with another cold front
potentially increasing NW winds to around 25-30 kts Friday night. A
low pressure tracking near Lake Superior brings renewed gale
potential this weekend with winds backing southwesterly ahead of the
cold front Saturday then quickly veering northwesterly behind it
overnight. WSW gale probabilities are about 30% in the west half of
the lake Saturday. Gale probabilities increase above 50% and shift
northwesterly behind the cold front Saturday night with strong cold
air advection likely to trigger another round of period of gales on
Sunday, mainly across the eastern lake. NW winds quickly decrease
overnight into Monday morning, falling below 20 knots by the
afternoon.
&&
.MQT WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
Upper Michigan...
Winter Weather Advisory from 1 AM EST /midnight CST/ Friday to
7 AM EST /6 AM CST/ Saturday for MIZ001>004-009-084.
Winter Weather Advisory until 7 AM EST Saturday for MIZ006-007-
085.
Lake Superior...
Small Craft Advisory until 1 AM EST Friday for LSZ246-247.
Small Craft Advisory until 1 PM EST /noon CST/ Saturday for
LSZ240>244.
Small Craft Advisory until 1 AM EST Saturday for LSZ245.
Small Craft Advisory until 10 AM EST Friday for LSZ248.
Small Craft Advisory from 4 PM Friday to 1 AM EST Saturday for
LSZ248.
Gale Warning until 1 AM EST Friday for LSZ249>251-266-267.
Small Craft Advisory from 1 AM Friday to 1 PM EST Saturday for
LSZ249>251.
Lake Michigan...
Small Craft Advisory until 1 AM EST Friday for LMZ221-248-250.
&&
$$
SHORT TERM...GS
LONG TERM...LC
AVIATION...Thompson
MARINE...LC
Area Forecast Discussion For Western SD and Northeastern WY
National Weather Service Rapid City SD
737 PM MST Thu Feb 15 2024
.UPDATE...
Issued at 734 PM MST Thu Feb 15 2024
Snow is decreasing from northwest to southeast, so have trimmed
the advisory. Light snow and light winds continue over the rest of
the advisory area. Hi-res models show snow exiting south central
SD by 06Z, so will continue to monitor the snow trends and
determine possible additional cancellations.
&&
.KEY MESSAGES...
116 PM MST Thu Feb 15 2024
- Snow continues through the evening. Total even snow accumulation
of 2-6" expected from NE WY, the Black Hills, and into south-
central SD.
- Lingering light snow across SW SD and the Black Hills Friday;
minor accumulations expected.
- Warmer and dry this weekend into early next week.
&&
.DISCUSSION...(This Evening Through Thursday)
Issued at 116 PM MST Thu Feb 15 2024
Upper level analysis shows upper low slowly lifting through
northern Ontario with a trailing and elongated upper trough axis
from Manitoba westward into Alberta. Water vapor imagery shows
compact upper shortwave trough pivoting through the Northern
Plains this afternoon. A developing area of low pressure is
centered across SE WY and NE CO with southeasterly to
northeasterly winds across the forecast area. A mid-level
baroclinic zone stretches from NE WY through the forecast area
into south-central SD.
Snow continues across the forecast area this afternoon as large-
scale ascent overspreads the area. Recent model trends have
shunted the potential for snow further south with a tighter
northern gradient than previous forecasts, which has been
incorporated into the forecast amounts. Still expect widespread
2-6" of total snow across much of western SD, far NE WY, and
south-central SD by Friday morning. Locally higher amounts are
possible across the northern Black Hills and foothills (upslope
enhancement) and south-central SD where more efficient snowfall
production is possible (greater DGZ depth + lift within DGZ).
Higher res CAMs (although recent HRRR runs are struggling mightily
handling snow that is occurring now, which has reduced overall
QPF...) and the 12z HREF suite highlight a widespread area of
0.2-0.4" of total QPF through Friday morning from the Black Hills
into south-central SD. While a few isolated spots of warning
criteria snows are possible (mainly across south-central SD),
will continue with the Winter Weather Advisory.
Snow will taper off from west to east later this evening into the
overnight hours. The upper trough axis draped across southern Canada
will drop southward Friday with an additional round of light snow
across NE WY and SW SD through the day Friday. An inch or so of
additional accumulation is possible Friday morning into the
afternoon.
Upper level ridging builds across the western half of the US by
Saturday. Expect slowly warming temperatures this weekend, although
snow cover will limit maximum temperature potential Saturday and
Sunday. Overall, temperatures will trend warmer than normal through
next week with generally dry weather expected.
&&
.AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS Through 00Z Friday Evening)
Issued At 416 PM MST Thu Feb 15 2024
Widespread MVFR/IFR ceilings will continue through most of the
period, improving from north to south Friday afternoon. Snow will
continue to produce MVFR/IFR/local LIFR visibility into the
evening and overnight. The snow will decrease in intensity from
west to east tonight, but then another round of light snow is
expected to quickly follow tonight into Friday morning. Visibility
will improve Friday morning as the snow finally exits the area.
&&
.UNR WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
SD...Winter Weather Advisory until 11 PM MST this evening for
SDZ024>031-042-072>076.
Winter Weather Advisory until 2 AM MST /3 AM CST/ Friday for
SDZ032-043-044-046-047-049-077.
WY...None.
&&
$$
Update...Pojorlie
DISCUSSION/KEY MESSAGES...SE
AVIATION...Pojorlie