Forecast Discussions mentioning any of
"HRRR" "RAP" "RUC13" "RUC" "RR" received at GSD on 02/23/20
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service La Crosse WI
554 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
.SHORT TERM...(Tonight through Sunday)
Issued at 1140 AM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
Tranquil and pleasant late winter weather looks to persist for the
remainder of the weekend as above normal temperatures continue.
Nearly zonal flow exists across the northern tier of states with
subtle short waves tracking in flow. A few weak impulses will be
moving through region by tonight but lack of forcing and relatively
dry airmass is really only leading to area of high cloudiness and
some breezy winds.
Only items to keep an eye on tonight will be possibility of more fog
development, especially north of I94 in deeper snow pack. HREF
fields continue to peg this. Also how cold temperatures could drop
in favored cold spots. Both of these items highly dependent on wind
speeds. Even last night with winds staying up it managed to decouple
in parts of western Wisconsin leading to lows just above zero. Given
these trends, lowered temperatures in favored areas and introduced
some patchy fog far north. Confidence in how widespread fog may be
is low.
On Sunday another short wave trough will straddle the International
Border and approach western Great Lakes. While a stronger wave,
still not expecting much in the way of weather except for increase
in cloud cover. Another warm day on tap as well.
.LONG TERM...(Sunday night through Saturday)
Issued at 144 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
Zonal flow aloft sticks around for the start of the long term
period, keeping mild temperatures present into the early portions of
the new week. Surface high pressure slides east across the region
Sunday night into Monday as a southern stream shortwave trough
ejects northeastward into the Middle Mississippi River Valley from
the Southern Plains. This low pressure system is expected to stay
just south of the local forecast area during the day on Monday, with
only some mid to high clouds spreading north as a result. Although
we will remain unscathed from this first shortwave during the day on
Monday, a northern stream shortwave trough will dive southeast from
the northern Rockies Monday night into Wednesday and likely merge
with the southern stream wave, bringing with it snow/rain
chances. There is still quite a bit of spread and uncertainty due
to a lot of moving parts, but it is at least becoming more evident
that we could see accumulating snow across portions of the area
where the deformation zone of the low sets up. Confidence remains
low on the exact location and snow amounts due to differences in
solutions, but will continue to closely monitor and refine details
as confidence increases.
Milder conditions will be replaced by colder air Wednesday through
the end of the week as northwest flow sets up aloft. Surface high
pressure should keep things mostly dry during this time, but there
may be some quick, light precipitation chances by the end of the
week as a few shortwave troughs ripple through the overall flow.
Temperatures look to stable out some by next weekend as upper
ridging builds over the central CONUS.
&&
.AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Sunday evening)
Issued at 554 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
VFR conditions expected through the period with a rather dry
airmass overhead and no significant forcing moving through the
region. LSE will be on the northern periphery of a low level jet
developing this evening, resulting in marginal low level wind
shear through about 07-08Z per latest RAP trends. Stronger
surface winds at RST will prevent LLWS from being an issue there.
Southerly winds will shift to the southwest late tonight,
increasing and veering to the northwest Sunday afternoon as a
weak cold front sweeps through the area. SKC expected for most of
the period, though some guidance hints at possible post-frontal
low stratocu developing Sunday afternoon. Some models also hint at
fog potential in some areas tonight, mainly north of both TAF
sites. Not expecting any aviation impacts from either scenario
given dry low level air and a decent pressure gradient in place,
but confidence in either scenario is rather low.
&&
.ARX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
WI...None.
MN...None.
IA...None.
&&
$$
SHORT TERM...Shea
LONG TERM...NMB
AVIATION...Kurz
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
National Weather Service Hastings NE
600 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
.SHORT TERM...(This evening through Sunday)
Issued at 241 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
Aloft: It`s the same story as has been the case almost this
entire winter. Fairly low-amplitude zonal flow is over the CONUS.
RAP tropopause analyses and aircraft wind obs revealed a broad
ridge over the Cntrl/Srn Plns. A wk shrtwv trof was over the
Dakota`s and was of no consequence here. Elsewhere...another wk
shrtwv trof was over SW Canada...and a low was over Srn CA. The SW
Canada trof will head E thru Srn Canada. The CA low will move to
the 4-corners by 12Z/Sun and to the OK panhandle by 00Z/Mon. The
ridge will move downstream as a result...with SW flow developing
over NEB/KS.
Surface: 1032 mb high pres was over the Gulf Coast states. That
high will slowly slide into the Atlc thru tomorrow. Meanwhile...
low pres will form and move E thru Srn Canada. A sfc trof will
form to its S with its tail end crossing the CWA late tonight.
High pres will form over the Nrn Rckys behind this trof and low
and will slide into the Nrn Plns tomorrow. Low pres will also be
forming over the Srn Plns.
Rest of this afternoon: Temps have certainly overachieved...with
widespread 60s.
Areas W of Hwy 183 over S-cntrl NEB have been flirting with near
critical fire wx conds. 5-min obs indicate that the gustiness near
25 mph is just occasional and not continuous. So decided not to
include mention in the HWO.
Tonight: Cirrostratus will cont to stream into the CWA from the
SW mainly S of I-80...but it should overtake the entire CWA after
06Z. So bottom line is incrsg clds.
Low temps are not easy...offsetting incrsg clds with winds
becoming lgt/vrbl in a very dry which will support temps
plummeting after sunset. Am concerned fcst lows may not be cold
enough from I-80 N.
Sun: Partly-mostly cldy forenoon. Becoming cldy after 18Z. It
will take time...but some -RA should move into N-cntrl KS after
18Z. It will be fighting very dry air in place...and dry low-lvl
air continuing to advect in from the NE. Have POPs as far N as Hwy
6...just in case some sprinkles occur...but don`t bet on it.
Am surprised how warm temp guidance is given the thick cld cover
fcst to be overhead. Highs are fcst in the low-mid 50s...but would
not be surprised to see temps fall short of that...espcly S of
Hwy 6 where cld cover will be thickest.
.LONG TERM...(Sunday night through Saturday)
Issued at 241 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
Aloft: The longwaves are fcst to amplify next week and spaghetti
plots of the last 2 runs of the GFS-FV3/EC/CMC/UKMET at 500 mb
show indicate exceptionally good agreement all the way thru Fri
Feb 28th. A shrtwv trof currently over the GlfAK will strengthen
and dig into the Nrn Rckys Sun night and cont digging into the
Nrn/Cntrl Plns Mon-Tue...in response to upstream amplification
over the N Pac. This will result in a low forming and moving into
NEB Mon night. It will move downstream into the MS Vly Tue-Wed
along with the longwave trof...and into the Ern USA Thu-Fri.
Cyclonic NW flow will be over NEB/KS Wed-Fri...with the upstream
ridge over Wrn USA/Can. The EC ensemble mean suggests the flow
will deamplify Sat with the dampening Wrn ridge approaching the
CWA.
Surface: The Srn Plns low will move E into the mid MS Vly Mon.
The next low coming in from the Pac will reform over the Nrn Rckys
Sun with its associated cool front crossing the CWA Mon night.
Strengthening chilly high pres will slide SE out of Canada Tue and
cross the CWA Wed. A warm front is then fcst to form Thu from
cntrl Canada into the Cntrl Plns and become stationary as it will
be parallel to the flow aloft.
Temps: Warmer than normal Mon...then turning cooler than normal
Tue-Wed with widespread highs in the 30s. A warming trend will
dvlp Thu-Sat...and temps could be creeping into the 50s/60s by
Fri-Sat.
Precip: The chance of -RA will cont Sun night...mainly over
N-cntrl KS. But we do have POPs as far N as Hwy 6 just in case. As
the temp profile cools Sun night... what -RA is falling could mix
with or change to snow before ending Mon morning. The upr low
moving in Mon night into Tue will increase instability a bit. That
will result in shwry wx...starting with rain shwr potential Mon
afternoon N and W of the Tri-Cities...then expanding to the entire
CWA during the evening and transitioning to snow shwrs Mon night
into Tue. Pcpn amts are fcst to be light. So little or no accum is
currently expected.
Winds: neglected to mention with the 2016Z update to this product
that winds were incrsd above NBM for Mon and Tue. Mon is looking
breezy. Tue is looking windy. Both the GFS and EC have 40 kt at
850 mb. If that remains the case over the coming couple days...
winds will need to be incrsd further in the fcst...and this will
need to be added to the HWO.
&&
.AVIATION...(For the 00Z KGRI/KEAR TAFS through 00Z Monday)
Issued at 538 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
VFR conditions will continue throughout the TAF valid period through
at least 00Z Monday. Clear skies will give way to high clouds as
we head through the late night hours. Mid to high level clouds are
expected throughout the day on Sunday. The wind will gradually
shift from west northwest this evening, to northerly Sunday
morning, and eventually northeasterly by Sunday afternoon.
&&
.GID WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NE...NONE.
KS...NONE.
&&
$$
SHORT TERM...Kelley
LONG TERM...Kelley
AVIATION...Wesely
Area Forecast Discussion...Updated Aviation
National Weather Service Saint Louis MO
541 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
.SHORT TERM... (Through Late Tonight)
Issued at 247 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
Quiet weather is expected tonight. Overnight lows should be around
10 degrees warmer than they were last night due to the combination
of WAA from persistent southwesterly winds along with increasing
mid/high clouds which will interfere with radiational cooling
processes. Overnight lows are expected to be in the low/mid-30s,
which is around 5-15 degrees warmer than normal for this time of
year.
Kanofsky
.LONG TERM... (Sunday through Next Saturday)
Issued at 247 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
Early afternoon water vapor imagery and the RAP 1.5 PVU analysis
fields depicted a strong PV anomaly located over southern
California. A pronounced warm conveyor belt associated with this
feature stretched from well southwest of Baja California through
the desert southwest and into the central/southern plains. Model
guidance is in excellent agreement that the closed upper low will
reach the Four Corners region by 12z Sunday and continue
progressing eastward towards the central CONUS.
This feature will bring widespread rain to the area from tomorrow
afternoon through Monday evening. That said, many areas will be
dry for most of the day on Sunday because the rain will spread
from southwest to northeast. Some parts of east-central MO and
southwest IL might even stay dry until late afternoon or early
evening. Model forecasts of PW values are slightly higher than
they were 24 hours ago, but still at +2 SD for this part of the
country at this time of year. This suggests that there could be
periods of moderate rainfall at times even though the total
rainfall amounts are only around 1-2" for the event.
Models are also showing a narrow axis of instability which extends
into the southern part of the LSX CWA, therefore thunderstorms
have been added to the grids in this area. This makes sense
conceptually given that the forecast surface low track is
expected to be farther north compared to previous guidance.
Meanwhile, a separate low pressure system was lurking south of
the Gulf of Alaska this afternoon. This feature is expected to be
located along the Pacific Northwest coast at 12z Sunday, which
means that it might not be adequately sampled by RAOBs until 00z
Monday. This feature is expected to dive into the central CONUS
during the early part of the week and eventually bring another
period of active weather to the region during the middle of the
week before it progresses eastward. However, adequate sampling of
this feature while it`s still back over the Pacific Northwest is
very important for Monday`s weather forecast in MO/IL because
slight variations in its location and speed could affect how much
interaction occurs between it and the aforementioned low pressure
system which will still be affecting MO/IL on Monday.
Specifically, the latest model runs are showing more interaction
between these two features compared to 24 hours ago, and this
interaction has altered the forecast track of the Sun/Mon system.
As discussed yesterday, the Sun/Mon system will have barely
cleared the area before precipitation chances increase again ahead
of the much larger low pressure system over the central CONUS as
it continues progressing eastward and eventually carves out a deep
trough over the eastern CONUS. Temperatures will be cold enough
for snow during at least part of the time that this system will
be affecting the area. Compared to 24 hours ago, the latest GEFS
plumes no longer show such a pronounced timing split, but there
are now more members with snowfall amounts greater than 1". This
variability leads to greater uncertainty regarding snowfall
amounts for the middle of the week.
Temperatures will be slightly cooler on Mon due to widespread
rainfall and extensive cloudiness, and modest cold air advection
in the wake of the departing low pressure system should keep highs
a few degrees cooler for Tue compared to Mon. Highs on Mon/Tue
should be in the 40s to low 50s for most areas. Temperatures will
turn much colder by the middle and end of the week with highs in
the 30s and lows in the teens/20s for Wed/Thu.
Model guidance depicts a few vorticity lobes rotating around the
deep trough centered over the eastern CONUS, and this could bring
precipitation chances to the region during the end of the week or
over next weekend.
Kanofsky
&&
.AVIATION... (For the 00z TAFs through 00z Sunday Evening)
Issued at 530 PM CST Sat Feb 22 2020
LLWS is expected at KUIN overnight into early Sunday morning as a
southwesterly LLJ sets up over northeast Missouri and west
Illinois overnight. There is some uncertainty as to how far south
and east the LLJ will exert its influence. At the moment have
decided to keep LLWS out of KCOU, but will continue to monitor
conditions through the evening. Otherwise, VFR conditions will
prevail for one more day ahead of the approaching rain Sunday
afternoon into Monday. Present thinking rain will hold off at
terminals until after 00Z. MVFR ceilings will move into KSTL late
in the TAF period as the main rain shield moves northeast into
the area.
MRM
&&
.LSX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
MO...None.
IL...None.
&&
$$
WFO LSX
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Marquette MI
646 PM EST Sat Feb 22 2020
.SHORT TERM...(This evening through Sunday)
Issued at 426 PM EST SAT FEB 22 2020
Water vapor imagery and RAP analysis show zonal flow along the
U.S./Canada border. A shortwave is noted over the eastern Dakotas.
However, due to a dry air mass as sampled by 12z raobs, only some
high clouds are associated with the wave from central MN to ne IA.
Farther upstream, another shortwave is over Alberta. This wave will
affect the weather here on Sun. Closer to home, under sunny skies,
it`s another warm Feb aftn across the fcst area. Of course, downwind
of Lake MI, conditions are cooler with temps around freezing toward
the shore. Elsewhere, temps have rise into the 40s, with some
locations topping 50F.
Main fcst concerns tonight revolve around fog/stratus potential.
Some fog/stratus developed across northern WI last night. Since
there was some development last night and we`re undergoing another
day of snowmelt across the Upper Mississippi Valley, will probably
see an increase in coverage of fog/stratus late tonight compared to
what happened early this morning. Fcst soundings for tonight
certainly do have a stronger shallow saturation look than
yesterday`s fcst soundings had for last night. Low-level winds
slacken late tonight, so that should be when fog and stratus really
start to develop. Lows tonight will be in the 20s. Some of the
traditional cold spots may slip into the teens.
Shortwave currently over Alberta will reach Lake Superior Sun aftn.
Wave will be strengthening as it approaches, and 12hr height falls
upwards of 160m are indicated at 500mb over northern Lake Superior.
Best forcing will pass n of the area, and with deep dry mid-levels
persisting per fcst soundings, pcpn should not be a concern here.
However, as low-level moisture is swept up by the associated cold
front, it`s possible there may be a little post frontal upslope -dz
on the Keweenaw for a time Sun aftn. With the rather vigorous wave
passing and the fcst area becoming situated in the jet surge area of
the wave, post frontal wnw winds will increase and become gusty,
especially over the Keweenaw under the ideal wind direction. While
caa is not particularly strong (roughly 6C in 6hr at 850mb), it will
support increased mixing with fcst soundings suggesting the
potential to mix to winds of 40-45kt. With a favorable orientation
to the gradient wind, the isallobaric wind will provide additional
support for stronger winds as a modest pres rise/fall couplet of +2
to +3mb/-2 to -3mb per 3hr is indicated. Expect post frontal wind
gusts over the Keweenaw to reach 40-45mph Sun aftn and 30-35mph over
the rest of the w half of Upper MI. Depending on the extent of
fog/stratus early Sun, it should be another mild day with temps
pushing into at least the lower 40s F across the central and
interior w. If stratus becomes widespread and doesn`t break before
fropa, temps will be held back to the low/mid 30s.
.LONG TERM...(Sunday night through Saturday)
Issued at 346 PM EST SAT FEB 22 2020
The long-term period picks up with a mid-level short wave lifting
off to the northeast. On its southern periphery a 35-40 kt LLJ will
persist atop a PBL remaining well-mixed through most of the night
owing to modest CAA. Therefore expecting winds and temps to verify
on the breezier and warmer side of the guidance envelope,
respectively, with gusts initially in the 15-30 mph range before
midnight (higher over the Keweenaw) diminishing after midnight, and
lows in the mid 20s for most with perhaps a few low 20s near the
Wisconsin line. The air mass will be marginally cold enough to kick
off a few light lake-effect rain or snow showers on Monday, but with
the flow becoming W, that will all stay out over Lake Superior.
Quiet weather is expected Tuesday before attention turns to the next
developing storm system. This system develops as a northern stream
short wave digs into the Central Plains and phases with a southern
stream wave ejecting out of the SW U.S. The idea of some sort of
significant storm has been well advertised for several days now in
the models, but with run-to-run inconsistency in exact track, which
is not unusual when dealing with a SW U.S. wave and the associated
uncertainty in how quickly it ejects. The trend the past 24 hours or
so has been back NW and closer to home for the U.P. This is not to
say any sort of significant snow is a done deal; right now the GFS
is the only deterministic model showing decent accumulations
(although the NAM extrapolated would probably support it as well).
Further complicating things is that the GEFS are largely supportive
of the deterministic GFS solution with high probabilities of
exceeding 0.10" of QPF for at least the eastern half of the CWA, so
it can`t be written off as an outlier. And the EC has ticked back NW
as well.
Given this set-up with a prolonged NE wind and cold air wrapping
into a deepening cyclone, even if the synoptic precip shield ends up
missing to the east some NE flow lake-effect or lake-enhanced
upslope snow is likely. Even the EC, although initially drier in the
low levels, saturates enough that by Wednesday evening there would
be steady snow in the NE wind LES belts. Since this kind of precip
isn`t well captured in the coarser ensembles that feed into the NBM,
have increased POPs significantly in the NE wind LES belts Wed, N
wind LES belts Wed night, and then NW wind belts Thursday. Have kept
everything likely or below for now, however. Several inches of snow
is a distinct possibility Wednesday into Thursday for the
aforementioned areas, and odds are increasing overall even away from
Superior over the eastern and south-central U.P. The mid-week time
frame certainly bears watching.
Seasonably cold air returns Friday but otherwise the end of the week
into next weekend once again looks tranquil.
&&
.AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Sunday evening)
Issued at 636 PM EST SAT FEB 22 2020
VFR conditions/clear skies may give way to the development of some
fog/low stratus later tonight as added moisture from melting snow
will allow saturation in the boundary layer. MVFR vis in BR
should develop overnight at KCMX/KSAW with the potential of LIFR
cigs and/or vis Sun morning. At KIWD, slight downslope component
to the wind may be just enough to prevent conditions from falling
out of VFR. As a cold front moves through Sun afternoon winds
shifting from sw to upslope westerly flow will allow for MVFR to
possibly IFR cigs in stratus to develop.
&&
.MARINE...(For the 4 PM Lake Superior forecast issuance)
Issued at 426 PM EST SAT FEB 22 2020
Expect sw winds mostly aob 20kt on Lake Superior tonight. Winds will
increase Sun into Sun night as a cold front approaches and passes
across Lake Superior. With passage of the front, w to nw gales of 35-
40kt will develop across western Lake Superior by Sun aftn and will
reach far eastern Lake Superior early Sun evening. Winds will then
diminish to blo gale force from w to e Sun night. Winds will
diminish further to blo 20kt on Mon. As low pres slowly lifts across
the Ohio Valley, the Lower Great Lakes and into Quebec Tue thru Thu,
n to ne winds will increase to up to 30kt. Not out of the question
that there could be some gale force gusts over central and
eastern Lake Superior late Wed into Thu.
&&
.MQT WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
Upper Michigan...
None.
Lake Superior...
Gale Warning from 7 PM Sunday to 4 AM EST Monday for LSZ251-267.
Gale Warning from 1 PM Sunday to 4 AM EST Monday for LSZ243>250-
264>266.
Gale Warning from 11 AM EST /10 AM CST/ Sunday to midnight EST
/11 PM CST/ Sunday night for LSZ162-240>242-263.
Lake Michigan...
None.
&&
$$
SHORT TERM...Rolfson
LONG TERM...RJC
AVIATION...Voss
MARINE...Rolfson
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Phoenix AZ
832 PM MST Sat Feb 22 2020
.SYNOPSIS...
Showers and isolated thunderstorms will linger overnight as a low
pressure system moves eastward through Arizona. In the wake of the
storm, below normal temperatures are expected Sunday along with
isolated showers across the higher terrain north and east of
Phoenix. A return to near normal temperatures is likely early next
week, followed by a warming trend later in the week as high pressure
builds across the intermountain West.
&&
.DISCUSSION...
Shower activity has continued to decrease across the forecast
area. Though there will continue to be some showers (and a few
thunderstorms) overnight, the threat for flash flooding has
diminished quite a bit. Therefore, and in coordination with WFOs
Tucson and Flagstaff, the Flash Flood Watch is cancelled for the
remainder of the evening.
Please see our Twitter feed for rainfall statistics from this
event.
&&
.PREVIOUS DISCUSSION...
The long fetch of deep moisture is clearly evident on water vapor
imagery and extends southwestward well into the tropical east
Pacific. This atmospheric river has pushed east of the Phoenix,
exposing the lower clouds lifting cyclonically towards the surface
low located near the CA/NV/AZ triple-point. Rain totals so far today
have been significant, with Sky Harbor Airport more than
doubling the previous daily precipitation record set over
100 years ago. Elsewhere, much of the Valley received between
three quarters of an inch and one inch of rain, and as much as one
to two inches was observed across the higher terrain of Maricopa and
Gila Counties.
Operational GFS continues to trend slower with regard to the
upper low as it weakens and translates eastward through northern
Arizona. Wrap-around shower activity will likely linger past
midnight as depicted by the HRRR and PoPs have been increased
accordingly. In the wake of the low pressure system Sunday, low
clouds and isolated showers will persist, particularly from Phoenix
north and eastward. Latest NBM is a bit cooler as well with high
temperatures below normal in the lower to mid 60s across central
Arizona. However, further west away from the influence of the low
pressure system, temperatures will still manage to climb into the mid
to upper 70s.
&&
.AVIATION...Updated at 0050Z.
South-Central Arizona including KPHX, KIWA, KSDL, and KDVT:
Some lingering effects of the storm system will continue to effect
the TAF sites through mid to late Sunday morning. Showers in the
vicinity will taper off very early in the period. Although late
tonight around 08Z, and again on mid morning Sunday around 16Z
showers could move into the vicinity associated with the passage of
the upper level cold core, and later an area of wrap-around
moisture. Expect variable low cloud BKN CIGs from 5-8kft through
late morning to early to mid afternoon on Sunday. Wind speeds will
also taper off this evening to around 5-8kt and favor the southwest
to southeast before favoring the east for several hours beginning
around 11Z. However, confidence on wind directions is currently
fairly low due to the lingering showers that are forecast to move
through the area.
Southeast California/Southwest Arizona including KIPL and KBLH:
Lingering showers in the vicinity of KBLH will taper off this evening.
Winds will be the bigger impact during the period, with speeds up
to 15-20 kts and westerly gusts to 25-33kt at KIPL and from the
southwest at KBLH early this evening. Surface winds should
gradually subside during the overnight hours at both locations.
FEW-SCT mid and high clouds should prevail through most of the
period. By mid morning moderate northwesterly winds should prevail
at KBLH.
&&
.FIRE WEATHER...
Monday through Friday:
No significant changes to the extended outlook...Conditions will
continue to dry with minimum RH values dropping into the 10-25%
range by midweek and declining overnight recoveries. Winds will
behave more typical for the week with directions favoring
terrain/diurnal trends. Speeds will also remain fairly light
outside of occasional afternoon breezes.
&&
.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...
Spotters should follow standard reporting procedures.
&&
.PSR WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
AZ...None.
CA...Wind Advisory until 10 PM PST this evening for CAZ562.
&&
$$
DISCUSSION...Iniguez/Hirsch
AVIATION...Sawtelle/Percha
FIRE WEATHER...Deems