Forecast Discussions mentioning any of "HRRR" "RAP" "RUC13" "RUC" "RR" received at GSD on 01/17/17


Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Charleston SC
935 PM EST Mon Jan 16 2017 .SYNOPSIS... High pressure will extend across the area through tonight. A front will stall across the area on Wednesday, then lift north as a warm front Thursday night. Another cold front will affect the area on Sunday. && .NEAR TERM /UNTIL 6 AM TUESDAY MORNING/... Late this evening: No change to the going forecast. The latest runs of the HRRR and RAP have been consistent showing fog expand after midnight across the entire forecast area. To some degree, this appears to be already be underway. Areas along the coast are seeing at least periodic low ceilings and visibilities moving onshore associated with sea fog over the coastal waters. Meanwhile, locations across the Midlands are beginning to experience fog (some dense). So, it will likely be some combination of advection sea fog and inland radiation fog. Dense fog advisories remain a distinct possibility depending on how the fog evolves overnight. && .SHORT TERM /6 AM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH THURSDAY/... A deep layered ridge will maintain warm and dry conditions on Tuesday with high temps in the mid to upper 70s. A flattening upper level flow and a weak shortwave pushing east will favor a weak back door cold front sinking into the area on Wednesday. Although mostly cloudy skies will result, the subsidence resulting from the WNW low-level flow and limited moisture advection should limit rain potential as the front moves in. Pre-frontal compression and downslope flow will produce another warm day in the mid 70s. Thursday should again be mostly dry and fairly warm though weaker downslope flow will yield highs a few degrees lower than Wednesday. && .LONG TERM /THURSDAY NIGHT THROUGH MONDAY/... Medium range guidance agrees that the axis of long wave H5 ridge will ripple over the region on Thursday. However, the sfc front is expected to slowly lift north as a weak warm front. PoPs across the forecast area will remain limited to SCHC, with values slowly lowering from south to north. High temperatures on Thursday are forecast to favor values around 70 degrees over land. Thursday night into Friday, a negatively tilted H5 trough is will pass over the southern Appalachians, brushing the CWA with weak omega by sunrise Fri. The combination of deep moisture, weak instability, and weak forcing should support sct showers. In the wake of the front, dry air will spread across the region Sat am. Saturday night into Sunday, a large low pressure system will organize over the Great Plains, tracking over the Mid West by Sunday evening. Moist SW flow will gradually increase across the forecast through the late weekend. In fact, moist and warm llvl flow may develop a band of sfc based CAPE as high as 1000 J/kg on Sunday. I will increase PoPs to likely, for showers and thunderstorms. The center of the H5 low is expected to pass over the mid Atlantic region, with wrap around moisture crossing the CWA. SCHC showers and near normal highs expected on Monday. && .AVIATION /03Z TUESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/... Difficult forecast for both terminals overnight as the main issue will once again be the potential for dense fog and low stratus. At KCHS: conditions currently sit at low MVFR, but should steadily lower into the IFR range as nearly all surrounding observations sites are already there. The chance for fog will then depend on how the sea fog across the Georgia coastal waters expands and moves inland. The forecast features most of the fog after midnight and much like last night, once it settles in we will likely stay in the LIFR range through sunrise. Conditions in the morning should be quicker to improve as southwest flow increases and helps to mix out the fog/stratus. Expect VFR to prevail from the mid/late morning hours onward. At KSAV: Dense sea fog quickly developed over the Georgia coastal waters this evening and pushed onshore in the easterly flow. The rolling bank of sea fog reached the terminal around 00z and should persist for a few hours. Conditions may bounce around a little bit through the evening before going solidly IFR and then LIFR for the remained of the overnight. Fog/stratus will then improve by mid morning as southwest flow increases and the low levels begin to mix. Expect VFR to prevail thereafter. Extended Aviation Outlook: Low clouds or fog could affect either terminal Tuesday night. Brief flight restrictions possible Thursday night into Friday with showers along a cold front. A large low pressure system is expected to bring showers and thunderstorms across the region Sunday through Sunday night. && .MARINE... Tonight: Recent calls to the Tybee Island Coast Guard and Savannah Pilot Office dispatch, combined with satellite imagery and photos from 41008 reveal that dense sea fog has developed across the Georgia waters out to about 40 nm offshore. A dense fog advisory has been issued for all of the Georgia waters and the southern South Carolina waters through sunrise. The fog is then forecast to spread across the remainder of the South Carolina waters and the Charleston Harbor after midnight as the low level flow weakens and begins to veer to more southerly. The dense fog advisory may need to be expanded later tonight. Otherwise, stable conditions will persist in the marine layer. Seas will be no higher than 1-3 ft. Fairly quiet marine conditions expected with regard to winds/seas through Friday as a series of weak fronts affect the waters. However, sea fog may persist through Wednesday afternoon as weak onshore flow maintains moist air over the cool shelf waters. Marine Dense Fog Advisories are possible at times, especially late afternoon through mid-morning hours. && .CLIMATE... Record highs for Tuesday, 17 January: KCHS: 78/2013 and previous years KCXM: 78/1928 KSAV: 81/1943 Record highs for Wednesday, 18 January: KCHS: 77/1952 KCXM: 79/1928 KSAV: 81/1937 && .CHS WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... GA...None. SC...None. MARINE...Dense Fog Advisory until 8 AM EST Tuesday for AMZ352-354-374. && $$ NEAR TERM...BSH SHORT TERM...JRL LONG TERM... AVIATION...BSH/JRL MARINE...BSH/JRL CLIMATE...
Area Forecast Discussion...UPDATED
National Weather Service Corpus Christi TX
850 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 .DISCUSSION... Just made some very minor changes to the dew point and wind grids for the first period. Otherwise, GFE Forecast Monitor shows nearly all green fields (winds are a bit high) but hopefully update with combination of forecast, GFSLAMP and RUC will help lower the differences which were not big anyway (it just did). PFM and AFM have been updated. An update to the ZFP is not needed at this time. Marine forecast looks good at this time as well. Still a small chance for possible showers along the boundary overnight. && .PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... /Issued 539 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017/ DISCUSSION... See Aviation Discussion for 0Z TAFS. AVIATION... Front will slowly creep southward on Tuesday, which will provide the main focus for thunderstorms on Tuesday afternoon. Before 18Z do not expect much in convection although there could be a few weak showers near KLRD toward 12Z with weak upslope flow. AOA 18Z...do have TEMPO or PROB30 for all sites, as could have some wind gusts 30 knots or more and feel relatively confident (given model data) that thunder will be around. See the four terminal forecasts for more information. Before that, as usual we will see lowering of winds/CIGS and in some locations (KALI and KVCT) VSBYS starting mainly AOB 06Z and continuing through about 16Z. With rich moisture and low winds due to proximity of front, will probably develop IFR/LIFR conditions east of KLRD terminal before 12Z. Winds on Tuesday mainly SE to start (weak in KLRD), then backing more toward the east during the day as the front approaches. PREVIOUS DISCUSSION... /Issued 358 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017/ SHORT TERM (Tonight through Tuesday Night)... Weak boundary/front is analyzed to be draped from just west of Beeville to just west of Orange Grove...to just east of Alive...extending southward to just west of Kingsville /also currently evident on WSR 88d 0.5 reflectivity/. Much of short term forecast is strongly dependent upon placement of front through the period. Guidance is struggling with its handling/placement of the boundary and thus forecast certainty is lower than normal with this forecast package. Front/boundary is prog to push west this evening...but is currently farther east than any guidance indicates. As such...I am hesitant to forecast the front going overly far to the west. Regardless...the front should at least push west some tonight which will result in SSE low level flow persisting across the eastern half of the CWA. H85 moisture levels /which have been decreasing this afternoon/ are prog to increase again tonight which may become sufficient for showers to develop in isolated convergence bands within the low level flow/. Accounting for such...I have included 20 POPs for the N Coastal Bend and Victoria area for late tonight. By late in the night...a H5 vort max is prog to advect towards the area...a 90 to 100 kt h25 jet is prog to shift farther to the east...and moisture depth is prog to increase. Combination of these factors /especially the increase in large scale lift/ should result in a few showers or even an isolated thunderstorm developing by late in the night across the NW Brush Country where boundary is currently expected to push westward towards. Boundary is prog to slowly push back south and east across the CWA during the day Tuesday with scattered showers and a few thunderstorms developing as a result. Again...placement of the boundary will be critical regarding placement of highest POPs. For now...I have highest POPs across the N and W CWA for the morning with chances expanding elsewhere through the afternoon. If boundary shifts far enough N and W tonight...then much of the Coastal Plains may remain dry for much of Tuesday. By late Tuesday afternoon /and especially into the evening hours/...thermodynamics are prog to become more favorable for thunderstorm development. Bulk shear values are prog to increase to roughly 30 to 40 kts...with guidance indicating a marginally to moderately unstable airmass in place...while upper level divergence is prog to increase significantly across S TX Wed evening as a 130kt H25 jet streaks NE across Del Rio and a 100kt streak shoots across BRO`s CWA. Combination of all these factors...along with a continued unseasonably high moisture depth /PWATs prog to be around 1.60"...which is roughly +2 sigma for mid January/. Result should be the development of scattered to numerous showers and thunderstorms during the evening. Given the aforementioned synoptic and thermodynamic features in play...a few thunderstorms may become strong to severe /especially across the Coastal Plains where moisture depth and instability are prog to be the greatest/. A few damaging wind gusts will be possible with the strongest activity...but with hodographs prog to become increasingly curved across the Coastal Plains...an isolated tornado will also be possible. Isolated flooding may also occur with any cells that begin to train overnight /greatest chances for isolated flooding currently appear to be across the Victoria area/...but the overall flooding threat for S TX is currently expected to be low. Min temps will continue to be unseasonably warm tonight with max temps on Tuesday strongly contingent upon amount of precip and and placement of boundary. Cooler conditions expected by late Tuesday night as boundary pushes through and rain cooled air settles in. LONG TERM...(Wednesday through Monday)... Frontal boundary will remain draped across the Coastal Bend into Wednesday. Deep moisture will be located along and ahead of the boundary with PW values about 1.5 inches. As a result, decent chances of showers and thunderstorms will continue on Wednesday with favored locations across from the Brush Country into the Coastal Bend. Both the GFS and European bring the upper low into the Panhandle of Texas Wednesday night into Thursday morning, with trough extending back to the southwest into Mexico. Increased lift from the trough and upper jet to the north will result in another round of convection Wednesday night into Thursday. Trough axis will finally push through South Texas by Thurday night, with quickly diminishing rain chances from west to east. Progressive pattern will persist through the end of the forecast period. Another upper level trough will approach and move through he region on Friday. However, concerns over moisture availability will preclude mentioning any chances of rain. A potent system will then move out of the Southwest US on Saturday into Saturday night, with the corresponding front moving through Saturday night/Sunday morning. This system will have the potential to bring some much stronger winds to South Texas for Sunday. Temperatures on Wednesday will be tricky depending on evolution frontal boundary, but 60s across the west and low 70s near the coast seem reasonable. Then a warming trend will commence Thursday through Saturday with above normal temperatures (70s and low 80s) across the region. Only a slight setback in temps are expected behind the pacific front on Sunday. && .PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS... Corpus Christi 69 78 63 73 58 / 10 40 80 50 40 Victoria 66 75 59 70 57 / 30 60 90 70 50 Laredo 64 75 57 67 56 / 20 50 60 20 20 Alice 65 80 61 70 57 / 10 50 80 50 30 Rockport 67 77 63 69 59 / 10 50 80 60 50 Cotulla 62 68 55 65 53 / 30 60 70 30 20 Kingsville 66 81 62 73 58 / 10 40 70 40 40 Navy Corpus 68 76 63 70 59 / 10 40 70 50 50 && .CRP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... TX...None. GM...None. && $$ GW/86...SHORT TERM
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Quad Cities IA IL
937 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 .UPDATE... Issued at 928 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Late evening update to expand Dense Fog Advisory northward across all but the extreme northwest counties. HRRR visibility probs have a good handle on current fog coverage and indicate dense fog expect for periods of showers. For the sake of simplicity, will expire the entire advisory at 10 am. However, western counties may improve before then and later shifts can trim as the situation warrants. Far northwest Illinois counties may have to be added to the advisory eventually. Showers and isolated thunder expected to end east of the Mississippi River after midnight. Some areas have received more than an inch of rain, and will continue to monitor some rising tributaries overnight. UPDATE Issued at 443 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Following collaboration with neighboring offices, have issued a Dense Fog Advisory for areas along and south of Interstate 80 through midnight. There is some potential for the dense fog to spread north of I-80 and persist past midnight, so later adjustments to the headlines may be needed. && .SYNOPSIS... Issued at 334 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Area radars showed an arching band of mainly rain out ahead of a nearly stacked surface and sharp upper level low near Kansas City. A pronounced dry slot was evident behind this band on satellite water vapor imagery over central MO into south central IA with a trailing line of showers and scattered thunderstorms from near Quincy south across MO and AR. Under this dry slot and along and ahead of surface warm front, dense fog with visibilities below a quarter mile was reported across northern MO into central IL. Temperatures over the local area have risen above freezing across the entire forecast area today, ranging from 33 along the highway 20 corridor to near 40 in far northeast MO. The surface and upper level low are expected to continue northeast and gradually weaken tonight, bringing a high likelihood of dense fog and continued light precipitation overnight across the forecast area. && .SHORT TERM...(This Evening through Tuesday) ISSUED AT 334 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Main challenges center around rain chances and the potential for dense fog overnight as the surface low tracks across southern IA into southern Lake MI overnight. Have included widespread fog in the forecast for now as winds go calm in the deep, saturated airmass over the cold surface. Anticipate there will likely need to be dense fog advisories over much of the area this evening, then primarily east of the MS river early Tuesday morning before drier air starts to wrap in behind the system. Enhanced lift ahead of the upper low, correlated with lightning observed over northeast MO will spread into the south and southeast, mainly our west central IL counties and will keep a mention of thunderstorms this evening. Temperatures through the night are progged to stay close to the freezing mark in the far northwest, where readings have not budged much so far today. Additional precipitation should be light in this area, and with near saturated air advecting in the potential for any ice accumulation looks very low. Elsewhere, the heaviest QPF for this system is currently occurring with the band of rain and additional amounts overnight are likely to be less than a quarter of an inch. Higher rainfall rates with thunderstorms early on in the south could lead to minor ponding issues due to the frozen soils. Tuesday, the system exits into lower MI with an increasing pressure gradient and influx of drier and only slightly cool air in the lower levels to sweep out the early morning fog. However, clouds will likely hang on in the cyclonic flow, limiting highs to the mid and upper 30s. .LONG TERM...(Tuesday Night through Monday) ISSUED AT 334 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Tuesday night and Wednesday...Spring-like pattern still being advertised for the coming week and weekend by the latest medium range model solutions. A passing bout of sfc ridging, under northeastern flank of broader upper ridge off western CONUS Rex Block, will make for clearing and cooler conditions later Tue night into Wed morning. Fcst lows in the mid to upper 20s may have to be adjusted cooler in some locations. The upper low portion of the western CONUS rex block will edge eastward acrs the southwestern plains through Wed night and open along the way. Lee side southerly return flow to begin some moisture transport up off the western Gulf and toward the MO Bootheel by Thu morning. Before then, southerly sfc flow and at least partial sunshine to make for a seasonably mild day Wed, with mixing depth and large building inversion aloft limiting the warm up potential. For now will go with low to mid 40s north of I80, to the mid and upper 40s south. But could see some sites in the south approach 50. Thursday and Friday...Both the 12z GFS and ECMWF agree that a portion of the upper low in upstream block to roll northeastward and interact with some me of the moisture return to produce mainly showers or areas of rain into portions of the area late Thu and into Fri morning. In areas of convergent light east to southeasterly flow, could also have some fog issues Fri morning. Fri highs still well up in the 40s despite clouds and boundary layer saturation. If the more organized areas of rain hold off or stay to the east and west, fog, drizzle and low clouds may be the story fro Fri night. Saturday through next Monday...The latest run medium range solutions suggest the next main upper wave in the southern stream of the western into central CONUS blocking complex, will roll out toward the western OH RVR and TN Valleys through Sunday night. Besides a lull period for a portion of Sat allowing for another unseasonably mild day with highs in the upper 40s to lower 50s in much of the local fcst area, this upper level feature with a trowal like wrap- around moisture source may make for a rather wet second half of the weekend and into Mon if the current low center advertised by the 12z runs verifies. The 12z GFS would have seasonably heavy rainfall of a half inch to around an inch hitting the southern half to third of the CWA, while the ECMWF if further south with it`s heavier rainfall wrap-around hitting MO and southern IL on northern flank of the vortex. With cold air bottled up acrs Canada, the weekend system look to be mainly rain, but will have to watch for some northerly draw on the northwest flank of the large passing cut-off low late Mon into Monday night that may eventually produce some precip type issues especially in the western and northern portions of the CWA. && .AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Tuesday Evening) ISSUED AT 539 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Widespread LIFR to VLIFR conditions will be common at all TAF sites overnight with dense fog, drizzle and low stratus. There will likely be a 2 to 3 hour window of showers and perhaps a rumble of thunder prior to midnight, most favored at KMLI/KBRL. Visibilities will improve somewhat during the rain. Drier W/NW winds behind the exiting surface low will provide some improvement between 08z-13z. && .DVN WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... IA...Dense Fog Advisory until 10 AM CST Tuesday for Benton-Buchanan- Cedar-Clinton-Delaware-Des Moines-Dubuque-Henry IA-Iowa- Jackson-Jefferson-Johnson-Jones-Keokuk-Lee-Linn-Louisa- Muscatine-Scott-Van Buren-Washington. IL...Dense Fog Advisory until 10 AM CST Tuesday for Bureau-Hancock- Henderson-Henry IL-McDonough-Mercer-Putnam-Rock Island- Warren-Whiteside. MO...Dense Fog Advisory until midnight CST tonight for Clark-Scotland. && $$ UPDATE...RP Kinney SYNOPSIS...Sheets SHORT TERM...Sheets LONG TERM...12 AVIATION...RP Kinney
Area Forecast Discussion...UPDATED
National Weather Service Austin/San Antonio TX
938 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 .UPDATE... Made few minor changes to the first period. Removed mentioning of isolated thunderstorms across the eastern part of South Central Texas through at least midnight tonight. The new NAM12 and HRRR model solutions keep light showery activity across the eastern half of the area through the overnight hours. Later tonight, the warm front is expected to push back to the north and to the east of the I-35 corridor. Area forecast soundings suggest a light chance for elevated convection and decided to go with isolated thunderstorms across the far east after 06Z Tuesday. Showers and thunderstorms are expected to increase late Tuesday morning into the afternoon as the warm frontal boundary interacts with the upper level forcing of an upper level disturbance over the four corners region moves into Southern Plains. A few isolated strong to severe storms are possible Tuesday afternoon across the far southeast where instability values and forcing are best. && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 556 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017/ AVIATION.../00Z TAF CYCLE/ VFR conditions are ongoing as of 2355Z at terminals but decreasing ceilings through the next 1-2 hours will create MVFR conditions through the early to mid-evening hours for KAUS/KSAT/KSSF. Further reduction to IFR is expected after 06Z for those respective sites as a cold front shifts back west towards the I-35 corridor. In addition to the low ceilings, -SHRA is on going across the Texas Coastal Plains and this activity will shift west into the KAUS/KSAT/KSSF terminals overnight and remain through a good portion of Tuesday. Have placed VCSH and -DZ. -RA may need to be added based on trends overnight. Visibilities will also likely drop overnight as the front backs up as a weak warm front. Visibilities could drop down to 3-5SM and could be lower at times through the day Tuesday with saturated and -SHRA conditions. KDRT will be delayed in MVFR and IFR until 09-11Z Tuesday morning but will eventually follow suit as other TAF sites. Little recovery is expected Tuesday as the stalled front remains over the area. IFR then MVFR by the afternoon will hold on most of the day. PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 311 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017/ SHORT TERM (Tonight through Tuesday Night)... Late afternoon surface observations show a weak cold front in place from just north of Giddings to just north of Pleasanton. East of this boundary, isolated to scattered showers continue to move from south to north across the coastal plains and Highway 77 corridor. Most hourly rainfall totals are around one quarter inch or less. However, a few spots have picked up close to three quarters of an inch in an hour with repeated showers moving over the same area. For tonight, the frontal boundary will gradually slide southward as a reinforcing surge of surface high pressure moves in from the north. This should keep the higher rain chances east of the I-35/I-37 corridors tonight. We do expect an increase in warm air advection just above the surface front to take shape tonight. This will lead to low clouds spreading north and westward across south central Texas, with cloudy skies across all areas by Tuesday morning. The warm air advection pattern strengthens on Tuesday as an upper level low pressure system approaches from the west. This will lead to widespread showers along with a few thunderstorms on Tuesday. Highs will also be cooler with lower 50s in the Hill Country to lower 60s in the coastal plains. For late Tuesday afternoon and evening, we can`t completely rule out a strong storm or two across the coastal plains with a lingering frontal boundary and some lift associated with the upper level trough. Areas of concern include Karnes, DeWitt and Lavaca counties. In addition, we could see some locally heavy rainfall given into Tuesday night given training of cells within a moist (precipitable water values ~ 1.5") environment. At this time, we will not mention heavy rain in the forecast or Hazardous Weather Outlook as the above mentioned areas have not seen any significant rains recently. LONG TERM (Wednesday through Monday)... Rain chances continue to remain high across most of south central Texas on Wednesday as an upper level trough axis continues to organize to our west. This trough does begin to move east across Texas Wednesday night and Thursday and we will show decreasing rain chances from west to east. A much drier weather pattern will take shape for the end of the work week into the upcoming weekend as the quality low-level moisture should remain east of the region. We do expect another upper level trough to move through on Sunday, but given the lack of moisture, we will only keep a low chance of rainfall across the coastal plains and Highway 77 corridor on Friday and Saturday. Sunday is shaping up to be quite windy across the region as a band of stronger mid-level winds is forecast to move across central Texas. We have increased wind speeds and will need to monitor in subsequent forecasts. && .PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS... Austin Camp Mabry 62 56 48 61 49 / 30 60 70 60 20 Austin Bergstrom Intl Airport 60 57 48 61 49 / 30 60 70 70 20 New Braunfels Muni Airport 64 57 49 62 50 / 30 60 70 60 20 Burnet Muni Airport 61 53 45 58 46 / 20 60 70 50 10 Del Rio Intl Airport 63 59 49 65 47 / - 60 50 10 10 Georgetown Muni Airport 64 54 46 59 47 / 20 60 70 60 20 Hondo Muni Airport 66 60 50 65 49 / 20 60 70 50 10 San Marcos Muni Airport 61 57 49 62 50 / 30 60 70 60 20 La Grange - Fayette Regional 60 61 52 63 53 / 50 60 80 70 50 San Antonio Intl Airport 64 59 50 63 51 / 30 60 70 60 20 Stinson Muni Airport 66 60 51 63 51 / 30 60 70 60 20 && .EWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... None. && $$ Mesoscale/Aviation...Allen Synoptic/Grids...17 Public Service/Data Collection...30
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Goodland KS
504 PM MST Mon Jan 16 2017 .UPDATE... Issued at 500 PM MST Mon Jan 16 2017 With precipitation having ended across the forecast area and no further precipitation expected overnight, have cancelled the winter weather highlights across the forecast area. With temperatures in the lower to mid 30s across the forecast area today, much melting has occurred, which has helped most major roadways to become clear with only areas of either wet or icy conditions remaining. Expect some refreezing overnight as temperatures drop into the lower 20s and teens, but do not expect any additional precipitation from this point on as the storm system continues to move away from the central high plains region and towards the upper midwest. && .SHORT TERM...(This evening through Tuesday) Issued at 135 PM MST Mon Jan 16 2017 H5 low continues to move off to the northeast this afternoon. Snow transition was a bit slower than expected thus ice amounts were higher and snowfall totals lower. Much of the CWA is transitioned to snow where precipitation is falling with occasional reports of mixed sleet and freezing rain. A persistent but weak band of snow stretches from Hitchcock county in Nebraska to central Kit Carson county in Colorado. This band is very slowly moving to the east and areas within this band of light snow could pick up an additional inch of snow. HRRR mesoscale and SREF plumes indicate that most areas will see precipitation chances quickly diminish as the afternoon progresses, ending by around 00Z. Temperatures will hover in the lower 30s for the most part with upper 20s in the northwestern portions of the CWA. Skies will clear tonight from northwest to southeast. Mostly clear skies will prevail Tuesday with a rebound in temperatures. Highs will reach the upper 30s to middle 40s across the CWA. .LONG TERM...(Tuesday night through Monday) Issued at 121 PM MST Mon Jan 16 2017 For the extended period...latest GFS/ECMWF models have been trending the past several runs with zonal H5 flow across the northern half of the country...with a cutoff low setting up over south central portions of the country. This upper level system makes a slow push northward towards the Central Plains by Friday...lifting across the Central Plains Friday night...followed by another quick moving system that pinwheels into the region off the Central Rockies for the upcoming weekend. With the cutoff system anchored over south central portions of the country for the first half of the extended...surface high pressure mainly east...with troughing over the front range. This will give the area near to above normal highs Wednesday into Friday...before trending colder as the approach of the two aforementioned systems will bring increased cloud cover with the chance for precip. Looking for daytime highs to reach the 40s with a trend lower into the upcoming weekend. Depending on the speed of these two systems...highs could be affected by several degrees due to the strength of the CAA on the wrap-around/exiting side of each low. Overnight lows will range in the 20s. For precip...limited qpf at present to keep pops in chance category for now...but speed of each system thru the area combined with some upslope effects on the easterly/southeasterly flow could give the area enhanced precip especially at night in terms of -sw based on expected temps. Warm enough during the day for -rw. && .AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Tuesday evening) Issued at 424 PM MST Mon Jan 16 2017 VFR conditions are expected at MCK and GLD through the TAF period as the low pressure system that brought ice and snow to the plains continues to move into the upper midwest. Northwest winds will become light early this evening as low to mid level clouds continue to decrease through the overnight hours. A few high clouds will remain during the morning to be followed by clear skies and light winds out of the southwest by late Tuesday afternoon. && .GLD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... KS...NONE. CO...NONE. NE...NONE. && $$ UPDATE...LOCKHART SHORT TERM...TL LONG TERM...JN AVIATION...LOCKHART
Area Forecast Discussion...UPDATED
National Weather Service Huntsville AL
722 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 .NEAR TERM...(Tonight) Issued at 648 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Latest surface analysis shows a high centered along the Mid Atlantic Region with a low centered near Kansas City, Missouri. A trailing cold front from the surface low extended southward through the Arklatex into Deep South Texas. Closer to home another warm winter evening with temperatures currently running in the lower to middle 60s under mostly cloudy skies. Regional radars show a rather expansive shield of showers and a few thunderstorms extending across the Mississippi River Valley. Patchy shower activity was noted further east from middle Tennessee across the Shoals and into central MS. The latest HRRR and high res WRF both indicate a s/w trough approaching from the west this evening. This coupled with some enhancement with the nocturnal jet should help to increase rainfall potential overnight and spread the precipitation shield further east. Overall, the current forecast is pretty good shape. May make some minor tweaks to the PoP/QPF grids slightly for higher values in the far western areas. Have already made very minor adjustments to hourly temps as well. .SHORT TERM...(Tuesday through Wednesday) Issued at 132 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 The cold front will be right on our doorstep by daybreak on Tuesday and then slowly move eastward through the day. By this time, the upper level trough will weaken and become situated over the eastern Great Lakes, with mid and upper level flow becoming nearly zonal. There may not be much progression as it becomes oriented east to west and parallel to the flow aloft. An abundance of moisture will remain in place as this front moves eastward the area, thus precip chances were kept around 60 to 70 percent through the day. As stated above, most of the forcing will be well removed from the area, however did keep isolated thunder in the forecast, as forecast temps rise into the 70s and allow for some weak instability. The front will slowly shift to the south during the overnight hours on Tuesday, with the higher precip chances coming to an end. Kept in slight chance to chance pops, given some uncertainty with how far south the front will reach before it stalls. However, guidance is in fair agreement that it will stall south of the area, giving us a break in the rainfall on Wednesday. In addition, winds will shift to the north behind the front, and weak CAA will bring slight cooler air into the TN Valley. Forecast high temperatures are expected to remain in the lower 60s on Wednesday. .LONG TERM...(Wednesday night through Sunday) Issued at 250 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Good agreement with this frontal positions in model data, so confidence is fairly high that the ridge will finally break down towards the middle/end of the week and rain chances will increase. Although the ridge looks to build back in briefly during the day on Wednesday over the Tennessee Valley, a potent upper low develops upstream Wednesday night into Thursday morning over the Texas/Oklahoma area. During this time, increasing southerly flow and fairly strong shortwaves could produce some heavier showers Wednesday night. At this point instability looks too meager for any thunderstorms, but wouldn`t be shocked to hear a rumble of thunder. Rain chances look to increase from chance to likely by Thursday morning across northern Alabama. Isolated thunderstorms are possible, as some elevated instability develops. At this point, they do not look very strong though. Through the day on Thursday, models continue to show weaker disturbances continuing to push northeast ahead of the main upper low, which moves little through much of Thursday. This could help to keep instability a bit lower due to shower/storm activity/cloud cover. However, isolated thunderstorms will remain possible. By late in the day on Thursday, models converge on this upper low finally kicking northeastward into Missouri and Kansas. A very strong shortwave develops on the southeast portion of this upper low and rotates northeastward through the Tennessee Valley Thursday night. Although there is some potential for instability to be cut- off to our southwest on Wednesday, do not think given the track of the upper low/associated shortwave that this will happen with this system. Trends are not moving this upper low more east or southeast. Surface CAPE is not great, but could reach 300 J/KG in northern Alabama/southern middle Tennessee. A little better elevated CAPE is forecast (around 600 J/KG). Extremely strong upper level forcing/vorticity is progged by all models with this system. This strong forcing couples with a 40 kt 850 mb jet, ample moisture, and a 60 kt 500 mb jet. Based on parameters and synoptics, a potential for strong to severe thunderstorms continues to be a possibility on Thursday night into Friday morning. However, believe surface based instability is too meager for tornado development. Damaging winds and small hail look like a decent possibility given other ingredients. In addition, PWATS due to strengthening southerly flow will increase to around 1.4 inches by Thursday afternoon into Thursday night. This will allow for heavier rainfall totals with this system, possibly between 1 and 2 inches with locally higher amounts. Rainfall amounts may be higher given such strong forcing. I would not be surprised to see a record high minimum temperature or two on Friday morning (given strong southerly flow), but did not go quite that warm at this point. Models are fairly convergent moving this energy quickly north Friday morning. By 10 am, we might only be cloudy with a bit of very light rain primarily east of I-65. Models are hinting at a brief break from cloud cover Friday morning. This might allow us to climb back into the upper 60s or a bit higher again. As an even stronger system moves from Oklahoma into Arkansas on Saturday night into Sunday, rain chances increase again. However, with a front stalled to our southeast, this may keep better moisture and instability well south of the area through Sunday morning. However, given again how strong this forcing is forecast to be, by Sunday afternoon into Sunday evening, another round of strong to severe storms may be brewing. Instability is higher with this system by Sunday afternoon/evening, but this is still seven days out. && .AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Tuesday evening) Issued at 515 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 A cold front slowly approaching from the west will bring a higher probability of light rain/rain showers over the next 24 to 36 hours. Ahead of the frontal boundary, VFR ceilings this evening will slowly lower to MVFR category overnight. Have also included predominant rain after midnight though precipitation intensity should be rather light and visibilities unrestricted for the most part. Ceilings will likely continue to lower into IFR category late tonight/early Tuesday, as moisture increases underneath shallow inversion. Conditions will improve somewhat by Tuesday afternoon with heating of the boundary layer but MVFR level ceilings look likely. Winds will remain southerly at 8-11 knots through the period. && .HUN WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... AL...NONE. TN...NONE. && $$ NEAR TERM...15 SHORT TERM...73 LONG TERM...KTW AVIATION...15 For more information please visit our website at weather.gov/huntsville.
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Wilmington NC
1057 PM EST Mon Jan 16 2017 .SYNOPSIS... A warming trend will occur Tuesday and Wednesday ahead of a cold front which will drop south through the Carolinas late Wednesday. Cooler and drier high pressure will follow on Thursday. Low pressure moving up from the Gulf coast will drag a warm front through the area on Friday. High pressure will build in on Saturday before another system brings unsettled weather for Sunday. && .NEAR TERM /UNTIL 6 AM TUESDAY MORNING/... As of 1030 PM Monday...Latest HRRR continues to include patchy light rain during portions of late this evening into the overnight period...mainly along and west of the I-95 corridor. Also, HRRR includes showers over the coastal counties mainly from Horry County northward, and the adjacent coastal waters. Once again upped the cloud cover to mostly cloudy or completely overcast via latest satellite imagery trends and 18Z model data. Continued with the patchy to areas of fog late this evening and overnight given latest sfc obs trends and locally run fog algorithm. The low stratus to affect the ILM CWA Carolina Coasts and adjacent waters and refrained from indicating sea fog at this juncture with the difference between sfc dewpoints and SSTS not large enough. Temps tonight will either hold steady or drift slightly lower from current values thru this evening and overnight. Basically, not your normal diurnal temp curve. && .SHORT TERM /6 AM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH WEDNESDAY NIGHT/... As of 300 PM Monday...For as weak as the aforementioned near term warm advection is Tuesday will sure turn out a mild afternoon. This will be more a function of not being trapped under a deep and moist inversion. The moisture will not be completely eroded however as forecast soundings show some lingering moisture in the 3-5kft layer as well as above about 7500ft. The high level moisture in particular probably lingers Tuesday night and then low level moistening gets underway Wednesday compliments of approaching cold front. Timing differences with respect to the front are affecting temperature guidance with the slower WRF allowing for an even warmer afternoon than the quicker GFS. Stayed closer to the lower values due in part to support from the EC. Any significant rainfall will stay north of the area underneath the upper trough though a few sprinkles or stray hundredth of an inch or three cannot be ruled out locally. && .LONG TERM /THURSDAY THROUGH MONDAY/... As of 300 PM Monday...Unsettled remains the operative word for the extended period courtesy of a highly amplified and shortwave laden pattern. The first significant system for the eastern Carolinas arrives late Thursday into early Friday via a shearing mid level system moving across the Tennessee and Ohio valleys. A weak occluded front is paired with this system as is a stationary front to the south but these have little impact on the sensible weather. Overall the inherited chance of showers still looks good. The second more potent system at least to this point arrives late Sunday into early Monday via a more powerful and closed shortwave traversing a similar path to the first system. This system continues to strengthen via the medium range guidance with good moisture advection from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic. Combined with good difluence aloft the elements for a soaker are in place. Citing the dynamics, a high shear/low cape convective event is possible with plenty of details to be determined in the coming days. The temperature forecast has shown little change with the latest guidance and with a moisture laden period (even outside of pops plenty of cloud cover) there shouldn`t be much diurnal variation. Expect highs generally in the 60s and lows in the middle to upper 40s with some areas (generally coastal and southern) not dipping below 50. && .AVIATION /04Z TUESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/... As of 00Z...Expect MVFR/IFR conditions this evening to become IFR/LIFR for the overnight hours as stratus allows for low cigs to become widespread, with patchy areas of fog as well. Light northeasterly winds will prevail. On Tuesday, anticipate deteriorated conditions to continue through midday, with a gradual improvement to VFR as cigs lift by the late afternoon hours as winds become west-southwest, around 5 to 10 kts. Extended Outlook...Cold front Wednesday, accompanied with showers and MVFR. Showers possible Friday. Otherwise expect VFR. && .MARINE... NEAR TERM /THROUGH TONIGHT/... As of 1030 PM Monday...A stalled boundary extending inland in the vicinity of South Santee River has hooked up with an inverted sfc trof of low pressure just offshore and parallel to the Carolina Coasts. The 2 boundaries as a whole will begin lifting northward overnight into daytime Tuesday. This sfc pressure pattern and rather relaxed sfc pg will for the most part produce NE winds at 10 to 15 kt, veering to the ENE to ESE around 10 kt by daybreak. Significant seas will run 2 to 3 ft. A degrading ESE 1 to 2 foot ground swell at 9 second periods will combine with locally produce wind driven waves at 5 to 6 second periods. SHORT TERM /TUESDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY NIGHT/... As of 300 PM Monday...With the warm front lifted out to our north on Tuesday the gradient will remain quite weak. SW flow will be capped at just 10kt and seas may drop to just 2 ft. The approach of a cold front will veer and increase the flow gradually Tuesday night and then moreso Wednesday. This front may pass through either midday or late afternoon Wednesday. The cooler surge behind this boundary is tempered enough that no headlines likely follow its passage. LONG TERM /THURSDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/... As of 300 PM Monday...Expect essentially light and variable winds Thursday via a weak pressure pattern. Wind fields will show a little better definition late Thursday into Friday as a southwest flow develops ahead of a weak front. Speeds increase briefly to 10-15 knots. By Saturday a weak northerly flow develops. Significant seas will be 2-4 feet as the weak wind fields and fetch change keep them somewhat in check. && .ILM WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... SC...None. NC...None. MARINE...None. && $$ SYNOPSIS...SHK NEAR TERM...DCH SHORT TERM...MBB LONG TERM...SHK AVIATION...SGL
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Wilmington OH
908 PM EST Mon Jan 16 2017 .SYNOPSIS... Warm front will continue to push northward this evening. A cold front will move through on Tuesday. An upper level disturbance will keep precipitation chances in the forecast Tuesday night into Wednesday morning. && .NEAR TERM /UNTIL 6 AM TUESDAY MORNING/... The initial wave of isentropically induced showers is lifting northeast across our area attm. We should then see a brief lull in the more widespread precipitation for a couple of hours before the next wave of precipitation moves in. This second wave will be associated with the combination of some mid level energy and a strengthening 40-50 knot low level jet. Expect precipitation to be fairly widespread so will keep the categorical pops going through the night. We are seeing several lightning strikes upstream across western Kentucky and Illinois, now pushing into western Indiana. The instability should weaken some through the night but given the fairly dynamic system and the fact that some weak elevated instabilities are progged to overspread our area through the early morning hours, think a few thunderstorms will be possible later tonight across our area. Temperatures are currently running from the lower 40s north to the lower 50s south but these should gradually rise overnight in the strengthening southerly low level flow. && .SHORT TERM /6 AM TUESDAY MORNING THROUGH WEDNESDAY NIGHT/... A cold front will move through on Tuesday. There is some weak instability and therefore have some thunder mention in the forecast. Although there will be a lull in the precipitation Tuesday afternoon and early evening a decent upper level disturbance will bring scattered rain showers to the region Tuesday night into Wednesday morning. The greatest coverage of the shower activity will be across northeastern portions of the region. Some lingering drizzle will be possible on Wednesday before precipitation tapers off. Even as precipitation tapers off on Wednesday lots of low level moisture remains and keep clouds around through the day on Wednesday. High pressure and dry conditions are expected Wednesday night. && .LONG TERM /THURSDAY THROUGH MONDAY/... High amplitude upper air pattern with energetic systems will prevail through the period. Upper low in the Plains will open up as it pivots north. This will result in low pressure tracking up the Ohio Valley and weakening as it heads into the lower Great Lakes early in the period. Showers will accompany this system Thursday night into Friday. After this moves by, southerly flow will remain with much above normal temperatures continuing into the weekend. A large upper low will track into the mid Mississippi Valley on Sunday and then turn northeast on Monday bringing more showers to the region. Cannot rule out a bit of thunder as well. && .AVIATION /02Z TUESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/... The initial band of showers is overspreading the area early this evening. As this leading band has approached, cigs have actually gone VFR across much of the area. Will therefore go a bit more optimistic with the cigs in the early stages of the TAFs but as the low levels saturate back up, do expect cigs to drop back down into IFR category later this evening and into tonight. After the initial band, it looks like we may see a couple hour lull in the precipitation before the next wave of rain moves in overnight. This is associated with decent short wave energy and a strengthening 40-50 knot 925-850 mb low level jet rotating up across the region. Some marginal elevated instabilities will also be pulled up into the area later tonight so think a few thunderstorms are not out of the question. Would expect the best chance for this to be at the southern TAF sites so will include a VCTS at KCVG/KLUK for a few hours later tonight. Given the strengthening jet, low level wind shear will also be possible overnight but both the NAM and GFS keep bulk shear values just below 40 knots through the night (although the stronger LLJ on the RAP does meet criteria at times in the 06Z-12Z time frame). Rain showers will continue into Tuesday morning until a cold front pushes east across the area through late morning. Behind the front, winds will swing around to the west and become a little gusty through the afternoon. OUTLOOK...MVFR/IFR ceilings and MVFR visibilities through Wednesday. MVFR/ IFR ceilings are again possible Thursday afternoon through Saturday. && .ILN WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... OH...None. KY...None. IN...None. && $$ SYNOPSIS...Novak NEAR TERM...JGL SHORT TERM...Novak LONG TERM... AVIATION...JGL
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Lincoln IL
849 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 .UPDATE... Issued at 840 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Surface low pressure approaching Quincy early this evening will continue to track northeast across the northern half of our forecast area during the remainder of the evening hours. A band of showers was located right with the surface low and those will track over the area through the late night hours. Winds will drop off as the low moves across the area with the areas of dense fog holding into the early morning hours accompanied by mainly light rain or drizzle. Temperatures will continue to slowly rise this evening until the low shifts off to our northeast during the early morning hours. Winds will turn into the southwest just ahead of the low and then turn more westerly as it moves away. Despite a cold frontal passage early Tue morning, short term models suggest another band of dense fog will follow the cold front in during the early morning hours through at least late morning. We may have to extend and even expand the current dense fog advsy thru at least the mid morning hours on Tuesday. Have made some changes to the weather grids in adding the fog threat thru Tue. morning and adjusted some POPs as well late tonight into Tue. We should have the updated zones out by 915 pm. && .SHORT TERM...(This evening through Tuesday) ISSUED AT 243 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Will need to extend the dense fog advisory through the rest of the afternoon from I-72 north while letting it expire at 3 pm south of I- 72. Easterly winds are shifting southeast and advecting the dense fog into area nw of the IL river. Peoria and Lacon have returned to dense fog and Galesburgs vsbys is slowly dropping. Visibilites from Jacksonville, Springfield, Decatur and Paris south have improved to 1-4 miles in past hour. Widespread dense fog caused in part by mild/moist air moving over a cold ground (6 am frost depth at Lincoln was 4 inches and 10 inches at Altona). The latest runs of the HRRR and RAP models showing areas of fog and locally dense fog lingering over northern CWA into this evening and lasting longest over the IL river valley. Visibilities should improve during overnight as a cold front moves east across IL. 20Z/2 pm surface map shows 1010 mb low pressure over east central KS with a warm front lifting northward into central parts of MO and KY and southern IL south approaching I-64. Bands of rain showers were over IL with a few thunderstorms over eastern MO and lifting ne toward the MS river. Temps currently range from mid 30s from Macomb to Lacon northward to the lower 50s south of I-70. Models deepen surface low pressure from east central KS northeast to southern Lake MI by 12Z/6 am Tue with pressure down to 1007 mb. A warm front will lift northward over central IL (especially se of the IL river) during this evening, followed by the cold front sweeping eastward across IL during overnight. Have likely to categorical chances of showers along with isolated thunderstorms this evening, then gradually diminish pops behind the cold front overnight with highest pops in eastern IL where isolated thunderstorms still possible til 3 or 4 am when cold front reaches near the IL/IN border. Isolated light rain showers could linger over eastern IL and areas from I-74 ne on Tue morning. Rainfall amounts through tonight to range from 0.40-0.75 inches. Lows early Tue morning range from upper 30s nw of the IL river to the lower 50s near the Wabash river and these will also be the highs early Tue morning. Temps nearly steady or slowly slipping during the day with WSW breezes. .LONG TERM...(Tuesday night through Monday) ISSUED AT 243 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Models are in very good agreement that the modified southwest flow will continue across the region through the week. Surface high pressure will build into the area from the west as this past weekends weather system finally moves off to the east. This high pressure will keep mild conditions over the area with dry weather. This will be a brief period of dry weather as another weather system develops in the southern plains and lifts northeast, in the southwest flow, through the Miss valley and eventually into the Ohio valley. Models differ on the intensity of this system, but all agree that the main low pressure area associated with the system will remain southeast of the area through the period. The chance of precip will run from Thursday in the southeast through Friday morning. The best chance of pops will be in the southeast on Thursday night. Despite being northwest of the track of the low, temps overall will remain mild so all precip will be liquid and not expecting any snow or freezing precip. Another brief dry period is expected Friday night through Saturday as the CWA will be in the warm sector ahead of the next weather system expected for the latter part of the weekend. Models have some differences with how and where this system first evolves, but agree that the main low pressure area will come out of the southern plains and lift northeast somewhere across the mid Miss valley. Location of this track is where the models struggle with any agreement, but do agree on the intensity of the system. Precip will move into the area Sat night and then spread across the CWA for Sun and Sun night. Temps will remain mild with this system and early look suggests it will be quite windy as well. Overall temps will remain warm/mild through the forecast period with the warmest temps being Sat and Sat night. && .AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Tuesday evening) Issued at 452 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 LIFR with occasional VLIFR conditions in fog will continue through the evening hours with only a gradual improvement after 02z as the warm front lifts across the area. However, as the cold front associated with the storm system to our west shifts across the area after 05z, we will see a return to the dense fog and low clouds behind the front. We really won`t see much of any long term improvement until after 16z Tuesday as somewhat drier air advects in from the west and northwest. Surface winds will be southeast this evening with speeds 10 to 15 kts and then become southwest to west in the 04z-08z time frame with similar speeds overnight. West winds are expected during the day Tuesday at 10 to 15 kts. && .ILX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... Dense Fog Advisory until midnight CST tonight for ILZ027>031- 036>038-040>050. && $$ UPDATE...Smith SHORT TERM...07 LONG TERM...Auten AVIATION...Smith
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Chicago/Romeoville, IL
904 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 .UPDATE... 904 PM CST Evening Update: Little change to going forecast this evening, with the exception of the earlier expansion of the dense fog advisory and extension in time through midnight. While visibility has improved with rain in some spots, will likely have to consider extending dense fog advisory farther north and past midnight. Current round of moderate rain/showers and embedded thunder has helped to mix out fog in spots and raise visibilities, though with trailing edge of more widespread rain moving out over Lake Michigan and off into Indiana over the next couple of hours would expect fog to redevelop and thicken. Some evidence of this is noted across western Illinois where visibility has lowered back into the 1/4-3/4SM range in spots. Based on this thinking am planning on letting the current advisory continue, and will monitor fog/vis trends for possible extension overnight and northward expansion across remainder of northern IL. Dense fog will probably become especially likely toward morning as gradient weakens with approach of surface low. Another area of rain moving into western IL (which will also likely modulate fog/low vis trends) is associated with the mid- level trough and vorticity center, and this is expected to lift across the area after midnight after a lull in organized precip. Would expect light rain/drizzle to persist within this lull region so trying not to get too detailed with hourly pop/wx grids. Lightning detection network has been indicating isolated thunder continues to occur across the I-55 and I-57 corridors with initial band of elevated convection, where RAP mesoanalysis initializes 100-300 J/kg of MUCAPE available roughly within 850 mb thete-E axis. Guidance has been consistent in redeveloping this axis back northward again in advance of the main vort, so have kept a slight chance of thunder in overnight. Overall, going forecast has this pretty well in hand and only further changes will be to consider expansion of fog headlines during the late evening hours. Ratzer && .SHORT TERM... 235 PM CST Through Tonight... The low over the Kansas/Missouri border will move over northern IL late tonight/early Tuesday morning. Soggy conditions will continue through that time. The good news is temperatures will remain above freezing through tonight so no additional freezing rain or ice is expected. Rain continues through the night with periods of moderate rain possible. An additional 0.5 to 1.0 inch of rain is expected through tonight with higher totals north of I-80. Forecast soundings also feature a little elevated instability so a few isolated, embedded thunderstorms are possible this evening. While an isolated storm may occur anywhere across the forecast area, the best chance is along and south of I-80. Convection/thunderstorms may result in locally higher rainfall amounts. Dense fog will likely continue south of the current rainfall (Livingston and Kankakee counties south and all of northwest Indiana) through this afternoon when steadier rain arrives. I have medium confidence in how dense fog will be tonight. The abundance of moisture will likely result in around 1 to 2 mile visibility, but periods of drizzle may bring visibilities down to less than a mile. Decided to go with widespread fog, but no mention of dense fog tonight due to low confidence. JEE && .LONG TERM... 235 PM CST Tuesday through Monday... High impact weather chances are presently low in the extended with a pattern atypical for January. Precipitation type looks to remain mainly if not entirely rain during the latter part of the week and weekend. While certainly an above normal temperature pattern for January will strengthen, do have concerns on how far above normal, especially near the lake front where they could be a stiff onshore component at times, or much of, later this week and through next weekend. The surface low by Tuesday morning is expected to be in southwest Michigan with gradually increasing northwest surface flow. Early morning fog, some of it possibly dense, should ease from west to east across the area. Scattered early morning showers also should depart east with this system, but clouds will stick around with high confidence. Temperatures will likely be well into the 40s across northwest Indiana at daybreak, but as the system warm sector moves east, temperatures there will cool, and elsewhere likely hold steady. A northern stream upper short wave disturbance will move east into Wisconsin tomorrow afternoon and likely tap some of the moisture left in the wake of the preceding, deeper system. Convective allowing guidance with solutions that far do indicate isolated to scattered showers across Wisconsin and northern Illinois during the late afternoon shifting southeast into the early evening. Have nudged up pops a tad during that time frame. The column will be cooling, with a small chance for some brief wet snow before showers end. With fairly quick height rises late Tuesday night into early Wednesday, a scattering of the persistent clouds is expected. Temperatures will gradually moderate on southwest to south winds Wednesday and then Thursday, with 40s for highs likely areawide. A large blocking upper ridge across eastern NOAM, with heights near record across eastern Canada, will keep systems from an active Pacific jet slowing as they move into the middle of the country. Not only will they slow, they look likely to occlude, keeping precipitation influence potentially minimal over our area, or at least slowing chances. Do have the chances for rain lifting north late Thursday night and Friday with a first system. Have higher chances with the next system predicted by 12Z global models to move into the Ohio River Valley one week from now. Confidence in this system and timing is very low. The forecast 925mb temperatures are well above normal, especially by Friday into the weekend. Given the multiple systems over the plains, at the surface an east wind is presently forecast, and at times fairly stiffly. Given water temperatures in the lower 30s, lake adjacent counties including downtown Chicago would remain quite a bit cooler than inland locations that have a good potential for low 50s one or both days this weekend. MTF && .AVIATION... For the 00Z TAFs... IFR/LIFR conditions in ra will be the primary concern for the night and into tomorrow morning. However, there is still a small chance for isold TS to impact the terminals this evening. Low pressure has moved over nrn MO and will continue to track northeast through the night. Expect that cigs/vis will continue to drop as the low approaches and a warm front...initially over cntrl il/in moves north through the area. As the low approaches nrn IL, the warm front will lift to the north of the terminals, allowing winds to veer to more ely-sely. An upper level disturbance is generating some isold TS, so will keep the short tempo TS in the TAFS, but latest timing suggests that the window of opportunity for TS invof the terminals will be a little earlier than previously timed. Cigs across the region are settling to arnd 200-300ft and and vis should drop to below 1sm across the area, with prevailing 1/2 to 3/4sm likely. A few isold spots may drop to 1/4sm, but will not introduce such low vis to the TAFs at this time. Winds Should generally remain below 10kt, however, there will be a short window of opportunity for winds to increase to 10-15kt in a small zone of stronger pressure falls as the low moves across nrn MO into ern IA. The sfc low will then track right over nrn IL, allowing winds to becm lgt/vrbl for a period until the low lifts off to the northeast tomorrow morning and winds veer from swly to nwly through the day. Have extended the timing of ifr cigs through the day tomorrow. As sfc low pulls away, some cooler/drier air should move in at the sfc, but still expect vis to remain in the 1-3sm range and not improve above ifr until drier air can move in late tomorrow afternoon and evening. Some type of pcpn is likely to continue through the period. Initially ra/shra with the short period of TS potential will persist through the night. By tomorrow morning, expect some mid- level dry air to overspread the region and pcpn should be more dz than ra. Chances for sct shra will return for the afternoon as more cyclonic flow aloft develops. && .MARINE... 235 PM CST Fog will continue to be a problem into Tuesday morning across the southern part of the lake, especially the far south. Webcam visibility and reports indicate near 1/2SM visibility, and have a marine fog advisory now issued. There will be times when rain showers abate some of the fog, especially this evening. However there is a good possibility of the visibility dropping again overnight. Otherwise, this evening will see an increase in easterly winds across the southern part of the lake. There could be a period north of Chicago where winds and more so waves briefly reach Small Craft Advisory criteria, but it should be short lasting. As the low center moves over and past the lake, winds will turn northerly across the entire lake, dissipating the fog. Winds turn southwest on Wednesday and last into Thursday. Confidence in the wind forecast Friday into the weekend is low, as trends are now indicating more of an east to northwest wind given multiple slow- moving low pressures to the southwest of the area. MTF && .LOT WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... IL...Dense Fog Advisory...ILZ019-ILZ020-ILZ021-ILZ022-ILZ023-ILZ032- ILZ033-ILZ039 UNTIL MIDNIGHT Tuesday. IN...Dense Fog Advisory...INZ001-INZ002-INZ010-INZ011-INZ019 UNTIL MIDNIGHT Tuesday. LM...Dense Fog Advisory...NEARSHORE WATERS UNTIL 9 AM Tuesday. && $$ VISIT US AT HTTP://WEATHER.GOV/CHICAGO (ALL LOWERCASE) FOLLOW US ON FACEBOOK...TWITTER...AND YOUTUBE AT: WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/NWSCHICAGO WWW.TWITTER.COM/NWSCHICAGO WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/NWSCHICAGO
Area Forecast Discussion...Updated
National Weather Service Saint Louis MO
939 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 .UPDATE... Issued at 926 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 A band of rain was moving through this evening from UIN southwest to VIH. This precipitation was associated with a surface low near UIN and a trailing cold front. This precipitation along with stronger surface winds behind the cold front was leading to improvement in the visibilities, and may be able to cancel the dense fog advisory across parts of northeast MO and west central IL early. Looking at the latest HRRR model runs it appears that the rain should be east of the Mississippi River by midnight, then east of our forecast area by 3 AM. Although the rain will come to an end the cloud cover will continue to plague our area with plenty of wrap-around type low level moisture and cloudiness behind the surface low. GKS && .SHORT TERM... (Through Late Tuesday Afternoon) Issued at 230 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Surface low centered over northeastern KS will continue to lift northeast tonight into the Great Lakes region by 12z Tuesday. Associated cold front to slide through forecast area, exiting by daybreak on Tuesday. Scattered showers will continue to develop along and ahead of boundary, tapering off from west to east as front moves through tonight. Decent MU CAPES between 250 and 500 J/kg, as well as lift along and ahead of boundary, so will see some isolated thunderstorms. Kept slight chance mention in grids for tonight. Otherwise, cloudy skies to prevail with lows in the mid 30s to mid 40s. With such strong cyclonic flow around system, clouds to linger over region on back side of system Tuesday, so highs will only be in the upper 30s to around 50, which is still about 5 degrees above normal for this time of year. Byrd .LONG TERM... (Tuesday Night through Next Monday) Issued at 230 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Weak surface high pressure will dominate the area on Tuesday night as the short wave trof over the Great Lakes area departs to the east, and this will probably be the coldest night of the week. In the wake of this trof, heights aloft will be on the rise and the surface high will be retreating eastward. A WAA regime gets underway on Wednesday resulting from the combination of rising heights aloft and the return of low level south/southwest flow. This will bring a nice boost to the already above average temperatures. After Wednesday, an increasingly energetic lower latitude storm track emnanting from the Pacific will bring us several weather systems thanks to a stout 150+ kt ULJ. Suprisingly, the models are in reasonably good agreement with the large scale mass fields depicting these systems during the longer range period. The first of these will impact the area in the late Thursday-Friday time frame as the positively tilted southwest U.S. upper trof and embedded upper low eject east/northeastward and become negatively tilted. The GFS is a tad slower with this sytem and hence the flow aloft is more backed in the low levels and veered in the mid/upper levels, which results in some variation in the depiction of the warm conveyor belt, moisture transport, and resultant precipitation threat. Basically we have followed a consensus approach at this time. Moisture transport will begin on Wednesday night with the main thrust from the lower MS Valley into the TN Valley region into Thursday. Southeast MO and Southern IL will be the western periphery with the greatest pcpn chances. The probability of precipitation will increase and translate further west on Thursday night with the approach of the actual upper system and negatively rotating short wave. Another upper low and trof will lift north/northeastward from the southern/central Rockies and through the central U.S. on Friday night and Saturday. Despite decent height falls and weak large scale forcing for ascent with this system, moisture will be negligible in the wake of the previous system. Friday night and Saturday look largely dry and continued mild for later January. Finally a potent upper low will evolve as it moves from the southwest U.S. and impacts the area Saturday night into Sunday night, bringing a good slug of rain. This would be a rather interesting system and we would likely be talking winter storm IF temps were much colder, however present progs suggest all rain and continued above average temps. Glass && .AVIATION... (For the 00z TAFs through 00z Tuesday Evening) Issued at 548 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Surface low over west central MO with a trailing cold front extending south through western AR. The low will move northeastward through UIN later this evening dragging the cold front through the rest of the taf sites later this evening. Band of showers and a few storms moving through the St Louis metro area will shift east of this area later this evening, while another area of rain and embedded showers over the northwestern quarter of MO moves northeastward through COU and UIN this evening. This second area of rain may cause the very low visibilities from dense fog to improve slightly in UIN later this evening. The stratus cloud deck at 500 feet or less in height over the taf sites will continue tonight and Tuesday morning, but should improve Tuesday afternoon. The low visibilities due to fog should gradually improve through the night into Tuesday. Southeasterly surface winds will veer around to a westerly direction later tonight after fropa. SPECIFICS FOR KSTL: Surface low over west central MO with a trailing cold front extending south through western AR. The low will move northeastward through UIN later this evening dragging the cold front through STL later this evening. Band of showers and a few storms moving through the St Louis metro area will shift east of this area later this evening. The stratus cloud deck at 500 feet or less in height over STL will continue tonight and Tuesday morning, but should improve Tuesday afternoon. The low visibilities due to fog should gradually improve through the night into Tuesday. Southeasterly surface winds will veer around to a westerly direction late tonight after fropa. GKS && .LSX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... MO...Dense Fog Advisory until midnight CST tonight for Knox MO-Lewis MO-Marion MO-Monroe MO-Ralls MO-Shelby MO. IL...Dense Fog Advisory until midnight CST tonight for Adams IL-Brown IL-Pike IL. && $$ WFO LSX
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Melbourne FL
759 PM EST Mon Jan 16 2017 .DISCUSSION...Main concern for tonight will be the potential for patchy fog to develop across Volusia County and interior of east central Florida into late tonight. High pressure ridge axis north of the area will keep surface winds light out of the E/SE and skies will be mostly clear. This will produce favorable conditions for fog formation, but boundary layer winds off the surface remain slightly elevated, which should help limit coverage. In fact the latest runs of the HRRR and local WRF have not been too enthusiastic on fog development across east central Florida late tonight. Still, localized visibilities of a half mile or less will be possible in some spots, mainly after 3AM through just after sunrise Tuesday. Low level onshore flow may generate a few sprinkles over the coastal waters that can push onshore, mainly south of the Cape, but coverage looks very limited and measurable rainfall looks unlikely. Will therefore keep rain chances out of the forecast. && .AVIATION...VFR expected through late evening. Patchy ground fog will then be possible, mainly across the interior and Volusia coast from late tonight into early morning Tuesday, with locally dense fog possible. Any fog should diminish by mid morning, with VFR conditions expected through the afternoon. && .MARINE... Tonight-Tuesday...(Previous Discussion) ESE winds 10-15KT will veer to SE-S and slacken to around 10KT by late in the afternoon. Continued very slow decay in swell, with seas 3FT near shore/5FT well offshore slackening slightly to 2-4FT by late afternoon. && .MLB WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... FL...None. AM...None. && $$ Weitlich/Pendergrast
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Twin Cities/Chanhassen MN
706 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 .UPDATE... Issued at 641 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Updated to include 00z aviation discussion below. && .SHORT TERM...(This evening through Tuesday) Issued at 334 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Precipitation, mainly light freezing rain, has been advancing/ developing northward through south central MN and adjoining areas of western WI at near 20 knots through mid afternoon. The hourly HRRR simulated radar forecasts have had a good handle on this northward advancement. The northward advancement is expected to end early this evening along a line from Redwood Falls through the south Metro to near Cornell in west central WI with a more eastward push there after. This is about the farthest north of any of the solutions today, with quite a few deterministic/CAMS stopping in Scott and Dakota counties early this evening. We added a few counties to the winter weather advisory late this morning based on earlier HRRR runs and this still looks good at this point. Surface temperatures have reached the freezing mark at mid afternoon along the I-35 corridor from Albert Lea to Owatonna and Waseca, helping to mitigate ice accumulation. It`s areas to the west, north and northeast toward Eau Claire where icing is a concern for travel over the next 3 to 4 hours. But even in these areas, temperatures will likely rise to around freezing with even some rain indicated with the HRRR. Once the system begins to translate eastward this evening, (8-9PM), there will be a changeover the snow and sleet and then to all snow. The best corridor for snow accumulation during the late evening and early morning hours on Tuesday stretches from St. James and Fairmont on northeast through Eau Claire and Cornell with around an inch to an inch and a half forecast. A concern late in the night is that we will lose the ice in the clouds but still have a saturated low level profile. Light northwest surface winds will back to the northeast a few hundred feet up along with increasing speed. This is a good situation for freezing drizzle and we incorporated this into the late night forecast. Tuesday will be a somewhat better day weatherwise with the system having departed off to the east. We will still have to deal with considerable clouds early on. An issue that will need to be watched is the threat for dense fog due to the light winds and near surface saturation. Areas of central minnesota seem most at risk for dense fog by daybreak. Quite a range in lows tonight due to the differences in cloud cover/precip across the FA with lows ranging from the single digits above zero in Alexandria to around 30 for the Twin Cities on east and south. Quite a range on Highs for Tuesday as well with 25 to 30 for western MN with 30 to 35 for eastern MN and western WI. .LONG TERM...(Tuesday night through Monday) Issued at 334 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 The January thaw will commence this week, and last through the weekend before some modification to the mean temperatures next week. First, the positive long wave trough that has allowed for tonight`s system to move from the desert southwest, into the Plains, and eventually into the northeast, will be followed by another upper low moving out into the Plains late this week. Depending upon a developing upper ridge over the Great Lakes which strengthens or moves northward this weekend, will be dependent on the next upper low movement across the Plains early next week. Secondly, both the GFS/EC favor the southern jet stream energy through this week, and into early next week. This will keep the bulk of the significant weather across the central/southern Plains, and into the Midwest. The northern jet stream will be concentrated in Canada through Thursday allowing for wet/stormy weather for the Pacific Northwest, and western Canada. However, the long wave pattern becomes more problematic late in the week, and into the weekend as a long wave trough and associated unsettled weather moves further south across the western U.S.. Eventually the western U.S. will become more active which has been the case this winter. For our region, other than a weak system late Friday/early Saturday, the bulk of the week will remain dry and unseasonably mild. With the snow pack across Minnesota and western Wisconsin expected to slowly melt, the forecast challenge would be fog and low cloud development, and minimal diurnal temperature swings from overnight lows and daytime highs. The forecast highs/lows this week and into the weekend have been modified some for a milder outcome. I would not be surprised to see a period where the temperatures in southern Minnesota do not fall below freezing for a couple of days. As with the previous forecast elaborated on record high/low potential later this week, and into early next week, I wouldn`t be surprised to see highs approaching records, but due to the snow pack and low sun angle, it doesn`t seem likely. There is a better potential of overnight lows not dropping before freezing. Therefore, record low maximums could be in jeopardy. The longer range past the next 7 days does support more seasonable temepratures which are highs in the 20s and lows around 10-15 degrees. As the transition of more seasonable temperatures and an active weather pattern developing next week, additional snowfall becomes more likely. && .AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Tuesday evening) Issued at 641 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 Large precipitation shield shifting north this evening is spreading FZRA into MSP-RNH-EAU while RWF-STC-AXN looks to generally remain dry but will be more susceptible to fog and low stratus development with virtually calm winds overnight. All sites look to hit IFR levels by daybreak if not earlier with the FZRA for the eastern sites to potentially mix with and change over to -SN later this evening. There is also a small chance of leftover FZDZ in the pre-dawn hours but by and large the precipitation should be overnight by daybreak with only fog/stratus left over. Conditions will steadily improve during the day tomorrow back to VFR. KMSP...Already seen FZRA reported at MSP and will likely continue to have FZRA through at least 02z-03z before precipitation changes over to -SN. -SN is then expected to continue for several hours until after midnight. Potential for some FZDZ approaching the Tuesday morning push but confidence is more medium than high in this scenario. Regardless, IFR ceilings with MVFR visibility due to fog/stratus may well persist before conditions steadily improve late morning into afternoon hours. /OUTLOOK FOR KMSP/ Wed...VFR. Winds SW 5-10 kts. Thu...VFR. Winds S 5-10 kts. Fri...VFR. Slight chance of MVFR and -RA. Winds southeast around 5 mph. && .MPX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WI...Winter Weather Advisory until 6 AM CST Tuesday for WIZ023>028. MN...Winter Weather Advisory until 6 AM CST Tuesday for MNZ060-062- 063-066>070-074>078-082>085-091>093. && $$ UPDATE...JPC SHORT TERM...RAH LONG TERM...JLT AVIATION...JPC
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Marquette MI
656 PM EST Mon Jan 16 2017 .SHORT TERM...(This evening through Tuesday) Issued at 344 PM EST MON JAN 16 2017 Water vapor imagery and RAP analysis show a well-defined shortwave over eastern KS lifting slowly ne across the Central Plains. Another shortwave moving ese across the Dakotas and Manitoba may play a role in the track of the southern stream wave over the next 24 hrs. Current confluent flow across the area resulting from the ridging ahead of the southern stream wave and the more zonally oriented flow from south central Canada to New England is supporting sfc high pres ridging/deep dry air mass from MN eastward across Lower MI as noted on 12Z area soundings. Mid clouds are beginning to spread into Upper Mi today ahead of the southern shortwave approaching the Great Lakes, but the amount/extent of pcpn from this wave reaching into Upper Mi will largely depend on steering influence from northern stream wave and also how long dry very airmass in place will take to moisten. Tonight and Tuesday, attention turns to the what impact the southern stream shortwave will have on the fcst area. Models are in fairly good agreement on the flow aloft, indicating that the shortwave currently over Dakotas/Manitoba will drop se, but not really have much interaction/steering influence on the southern stream wave to pull it sharply N. Consequently, models in good agreement that the southern wave will track ne, passing across SE Lower MI Tue morning. As isentropic ascent/deep layer forcing lifts N and weakens while approaching Upper MI tonight, antecedant dry air mass will have an impact on slowing and diminishing the approaching pcpn area. That said, 12Z models and SREF QPF fields in pretty good agreement that far southern Menominee County could receive up to .2 inch of QPF but then QPF amounts taper off quickly to the north with generally .1 inch or less of QPF into northern Menominee county and across the rest of the counties bordering Lake Mi and the bay of Green Bay. Thus, forecast will reflect a sharp gradient from categorical pops over southern Menominee County tapering to schc pops reaching no farther N than roughly an Iron River to Newberry line. As for ptype, fcst soundings for Menominee from the RAP/HRRR/NAM/GFS show a deep isothermal layer around 0C once saturation occurs. Result would be all snow if it`s no warmer than 0C, but if the deep layer is just above freezing, then pcpn would likely be FZRA. The warmer Canadian model and deeper isothermal layer above freezing would further raise the prospect for mostly FZRA as ptype, which NAM sounding for MNM generally supports as well particularly late tonight. Given that most of the model soundings support as least some period of FRZA over southern Menonimee County, have decided to issue a winter weather advisory for Menominee County from late this evening into Tue morning. Given that QPF amounts are much lighter farther north into Delta and Schoolcraft counties will not issue a headline for mixed pcpn there. Dickinson, Iron and southern Marquette and southern Alger will be on northern fringe of pcpn shield with only a dusting of light snow expected. Temperatures are expected to rise above freezing by Tue afternoon so threat of freezing rain will subside at that point. Also forcing from weakening system will be lifting e and out the area so expect pcpn in general to be quickly diminishing. .LONG TERM...(Tuesday night through Monday) Issued at 354 PM EST MON JAN 16 2017 Warming temps will be the main story of any confidence in the long term as an upper ridge builds into the area through late week. Highs will be in the mid 30s to around 40 Wed and Thu. Lows will increase from around 20 Tue night to the mid to upper 20s Wed night and Thu night. By the weekend, rain is possible as multiple waves move through the region, but confidence is quite low. Highs will be around 40 with lows above freezing over the weekend, possibly cooling down a bit on Mon. Overall, with good model agreement into Fri then low confidence after that, the blends did well so stuck close to blended solution. && .AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Tuesday evening) Issued at 656 PM EST MON JAN 16 2017 A deep dry air mass currently over Upper MI will continue to prevail at KIWD/KCMX/KSAW through this forecast period, resulting in VFR conditions. && .MARINE...(For the 4 PM Lake Superior forecast issuance) Issued at 344 PM EST MON JAN 16 2017 Winds diminish to under 15kt and remain mostly under 15kt thru Tue as the pres gradient remains weak across the area due to sfc ridging across the area. Winds may increase upwards of 20-30kt late Tue night into Wed as the sfc ridge moves east and sfc trough pushes east from the Northern Plains. For the remainder of the week, expect winds mostly 20kt or less as conditions become unseasonably warm over the Upper Lakes with no significant weather features impacting the area. && .MQT WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... Upper Michigan... Winter Weather Advisory from 10 PM this evening to 11 AM CST Tuesday for MIZ012. Lake Superior... None. Lake Michigan... None. && $$ SHORT TERM...Voss LONG TERM...Titus AVIATION...JLB MARINE...Voss
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Norman OK
927 PM CST Mon Jan 16 2017 .DISCUSSION... Low clouds from the north have continued to move south into the northwest half of Oklahoma, similar to the HRRR forecast. Gridded forecasts were updated to give a slightly more southward extent to the low clouds before moving them off to the northeast around sunrise. Temperatures trends were adjusted slightly given observations a bit cooler and in line with the HRRR. && .PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS... Oklahoma City OK 31 50 36 55 / 0 0 20 10 Hobart OK 30 51 36 57 / 0 0 30 10 Wichita Falls TX 32 53 37 56 / 0 10 50 10 Gage OK 27 47 32 56 / 0 0 10 10 Ponca City OK 31 47 31 55 / 0 0 10 10 Durant OK 37 53 40 53 / 0 10 40 20 && .OUN WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... OK...None. TX...None. && $$ 09/25